Bible Study ✨

⬅️  ➡️

DECEMBER 8, 2024

DECEMBER 8, 2024

FEATURED—TBD

SCROLL TO READ MORE



Sunday Readings Bible Study

Sunday Readings Bible Study

  • VIDEO
    SERIES
  • LECTIONARY
    OUTLINES
  • LECTOR
    PREP
  • DISCUSSION
    QUESTIONS
  • FIRST
    READING
  • SECOND
    READING
  • GOSPEL

⬇️ Outside the Chapel

Fr. Rob
Alyssa and
Justine

During Advent, the significance of spiritual preparation for Jesus’ arrival is highlighted by focusing on key aspects: John the Baptist’s message of repentance, contemplating cherished Christmas customs, and recognizing the necessity of authentic transformation and generosity in our daily lives.

SOURCE: Outside the Chapel

YouTube player
DETAILED SUMMARY w/ TIMESTAMPS ✨

Into The Desert - Outside The Chapel Podcast Season 12 Episode 18

  • 00:00 John calls us to prepare for Jesus, while the podcast reflects on Sunday readings and the joy of singing Christmas carols.
    • John prepares the way for Jesus, urging us to make straight our paths, while the podcast explores Sunday mass readings and relevant life topics from a Catholic perspective.
    • Justine and the speaker share a love for singing, particularly Christmas carols, while reminiscing about family memories and the joy of choir performances.
  • 02:18 The speaker discusses Christmas traditions, including shopping for religious carols and the importance of prayer and reflection during Advent.
    • The speaker shares their experience shopping for Christmas books at Big W, highlighting the availability of religious carols for children and their intention to buy them for family.
    • Alysa and her husband continue a family tradition of singing Christmas carols, which started in her childhood with cousins performing concerts.
    • The speaker emphasizes the importance of being present and attentive to God during Advent, encouraging a moment of prayer and reflection.
  • 04:47 John the Baptist prepares the way for Jesus through repentance and faith, emphasizing God's salvation amidst political and religious turmoil.
    • John the Baptist preaches a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins, fulfilling the prophecy from Isaiah as he prepares the way in the wilderness.
    • A prophetic call emphasizes preparing the way for the Lord by leveling obstacles and making paths straight for all to witness God's salvation.
    • Luke highlights the political and religious tensions during John the Baptist and Jesus's ministries to illustrate how God’s plan for salvation unfolds despite turmoil.
    • Despite life's turbulence, God can work through significant moments, as exemplified by Zacharias, a high priest who entered the holy of holies, highlighting the transformative significance of Jesus' sacrifice that eliminated the need for such rituals.
    • John the Baptist's prophetic voice highlights the importance of sharing and instilling faith within families across generations.
  • 10:24 John the Baptist calls for spiritual preparation for Jesus, emphasizing that He is the true focus of our lives.
    • John the Baptist serves as the herald for Jesus, urging people to prepare their lives and make straight paths for the coming Messiah.
    • We must address our spiritual shortcomings while recognizing that Jesus is the true focus, not ourselves.
  • 12:20 Father David Michael Moses highlights his fundraising for women in crisis pregnancies and emphasizes John the Baptist's humility as a model for embracing selflessness and allowing Jesus to lead to true freedom.
    • Father David Michael Moses, a Catholic priest from Houston, discusses his work, including raising over $1 million for women in crisis pregnancies, in an interview on the podcast.
    • John the Baptist exemplifies humility by recognizing that he is not the Messiah, but rather pointing to Jesus as the true figure they have been waiting for.
    • Embracing humility involves decreasing self-centeredness and sinful traits while allowing Jesus to increase within us, leading to true freedom and peace, as exemplified by John the Baptist.
  • 15:39 Ministry targets the alpha generation with Meta Saint on Roblox, emphasizing John the Baptist's prophetic message and Jesus' fulfillment of divine promises.
    • Ministry aims to engage the alpha generation through Meta Saint, a project on the Roblox platform that offers an interactive gospel experience in the metaverse.
    • John the Baptist's message, rooted in Isaiah's prophecy, emphasizes preparing for the Lord's coming and highlights the restoration of Israel and divine promises.
    • Jesus fulfills prophecies relevant to both the Israelites and us, highlighting the importance of preparation and clarity in understanding these connections.
  • 18:53 Complaints about government waste contrast with the importance of perseverance in faith and the transformative action of true repentance.
    • Complaints about excessive spending and ineffective solutions highlight concerns about government waste, though the criticisms in this case may not be justified.
    • Voices in the wilderness may feel lonely and doubt their impact, but perseverance in serving the Lord is what truly matters.
    • John's message emphasizes that repentance is an action, not just a feeling, and challenges the discomfort of acknowledging wrongdoing.
    • Repentance involves a transformative return to God, requiring a change in direction and the abandonment of sin to experience true fulfillment and relationship with Him.
  • 23:13 Seek genuine conversion beyond rituals while expanding outreach through ministry support.
    • During this season, it's important to move beyond rituals and seek genuine conversion instead of just going through the motions.
    • The support of ministry partners and donors enables the expansion of outreach efforts and the spread of Jesus' message globally, encouraging others to contribute and join the mission.

⬇️ Fr. Geoffrey Plant

Fr. Geoffrey
Plant

Embodying the spirit of anticipation during Advent, the Christian community reflects on the imminent return of Christ and examines the crucial role of John the Baptist in preparing the way for Jesus’ ministry. This preparation unfolded amidst significant historical and political upheaval, ultimately underscoring the global scope of salvation foreseen in scriptural prophecies.

SOURCE: Fr. Geoffrey Plant

YouTube player
DETAILED SUMMARY w/ TIMESTAMPS ✨

Prepare a way for the Lord. Homily for the 2nd Sunday of Advent, Year C.

  • 00:00 Advent highlights the anticipation of Christ's return, centering on John the Baptist's preparation for Jesus' ministry amidst historical governance.
    • Advent readings emphasize anticipation of Christ's final coming while reflecting on God's past actions, focusing on John the Baptist's role in preparing for Jesus' ministry.
    • The story takes place during the governance of Pontius Pilate, Herod Antipas, Philip, Lysanias, and the high-priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas.
  • 03:32 Tiberius ruled from 14 to 37 AD, appointing Pontius Pilate as prefect of Judea, whose violent actions led to his downfall and uncertain fate.
    • Tiberius, the second Roman emperor and stepson of Augustus, ruled from 14 AD to 37 AD, known for his military training and complex personality.
    • Tiberius Caesar appointed Pontius Pilate as the Roman prefect of Judea from 26 to 37 AD, overseeing the province's administration during a time when the governorship was not prestigious.
    • Pilate, the Roman prefect, faced downfall after violently suppressing a Samaritan demonstration, leading to his suspension and uncertain fate, with tradition suggesting he committed suicide in 39 AD.
  • 08:09 Herod Antipas, known for his rule and the execution of John the Baptist, contrasts with his half-brother Philip's reign amid personal turmoil.
    • Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, ruled from 4 BC to 39 AD, rebuilt Sepphoris, imprisoned and executed John the Baptist, and is referred to as "tetrarch" in Luke's gospel, contrasting with Mark's use of "king."
    • Herod Antipas was exiled for seeking kingship, while his half-brother Philip ruled Trachonitis, renamed a city in honor of Augustus, and faced personal upheaval due to Herodias leaving him for Antipas.
  • 10:52 In the context of Jesus' time, Luke highlights the political and religious landscape by mentioning key figures like Lysanias, Annas, Caiaphas, and Herod Antipas, emphasizing their influence and power.
    • Luke mentions Lysanias and the high priests Annas and Caiaphas to highlight the political and religious context of the time, despite the ambiguity surrounding Lysanias's significance.
    • Caiaphas, the high priest during Jesus' trial, maintained significant power and influence in Judea through his close relationship with the Roman administration, outlasting many of his contemporaries.
    • Herod Antipas established Tiberias as his capital in Galilee, while Philip ruled from Caesarea Philippi and Lysanias governed Abilene.
  • 16:15 John the Baptist's ministry marks a pivotal historical moment in Christianity, emphasizing the universal mission of salvation as foretold in Isaiah and rooted in the context of the Babylonian Exile.
    • John the Baptist began his ministry around AD 28, highlighting that Luke's narrative is rooted in historical context rather than myth.
    • Christianity is rooted in historical events, with John the Baptist's role being crucial in announcing the arrival of the Messiah, as emphasized by Luke's Gospel.
    • Luke expands Isaiah's message to emphasize that all people will witness God's salvation, connecting Jesus' story to Israel's narrative and highlighting the universal mission.
    • Understanding today's readings requires recognizing their context in the Babylonian Exile of the 6th century BC.
  • 22:09 The divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah faced conquest and resettlement, ultimately leading to the rise and fall of empires from Assyria to Persia.
    • The kingdoms of Israel and Judah, once united under David and Solomon, became rivals after Solomon's death, with Judah becoming an Assyrian vassal while Israel resisted Assyrian dominance.
    • The Assyrians captured Samaria in 722 BC, leading to the resettlement of over 27,000 Israelites and the eventual conquest of the Assyrians by the Babylonians, who were later conquered by the Persians.
  • 24:52 Judah faced multiple conquests and significant turmoil, culminating in the Babylonian exile and the end of the Davidic dynasty.
    • Judah experienced a series of conquests and changes in control from the Persians to the Macedonians, Ptolemies, Seleucids, Hasmoneans, and finally the Romans, with significant events occurring from the 6th century BC onward.
    • Jehoiakim's rebellion against Nebuchadnezzar leads to his death and the subsequent surrender of his son Jehoiachin, who is exiled along with many others, while Zedekiah later also rebels against Babylon.
    • Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem led to the capture and execution of Zedekiah's sons, the blinding and deportation of Zedekiah, the end of the Davidic dynasty, the destruction of the temple, and a significant decline in Jerusalem's population as thousands of Judeans were exiled to Babylon.
  • 30:16 Prepare for the Lord's coming by rejoicing in the promise of salvation and the return from exile, as heralded by John the Baptist and rooted in Isaiah's prophecies.
    • Psalm 137 expresses sorrow for Zion, leading to Baruch's poem of consolation that personifies Jerusalem as a mother.
    • Jerusalem is called to rejoice and prepare for the glorious return of its people, as foretold in Isaiah, with a promise of a smooth path for their journey home.
    • The book of Isaiah, composed over two centuries, includes writings from three different prophets, with today's gospel referencing Second Isaiah's anticipation of the return from Babylonian exile following Cyrus the Great's conquest in 539 BC.
    • John the Baptist heralds Jesus' mission of salvation, paralleling the historical return of exiles from Babylon as a significant divine intervention in human history.

⬇️ Luke’s Gospel for All Ages

Bishop Mark
0’Connell

Setting the groundwork for the New Testament, the Old Testament underscores John the Baptist’s vital role as a precursor to Jesus’ arrival. By fervently advocating repentance and personal transformation, John prepares the way for the Messiah, guiding followers to recognize and accept the life-altering impact of Christ’s divine presence.

SOURCE: Luke’s Gospel for Children and All Ages

YouTube player
DETAILED SUMMARY w/ TIMESTAMPS ✨

Luke 3: 3-6

  • 00:00 The Old Testament lays the foundation for the New Testament, revealing the significance of Jesus in Christian belief.
  • 01:43 John the Baptist, foretold in the Old Testament, begins his mission of announcing the arrival of the Messiah.
  • 02:20 John, living in the desert, attracted people with his unusual lifestyle and message of repentance, proclaiming the coming of the Messiah.
  • 03:41 Jerusalem, situated on a mountain in a desert, is revered for its vital water source, particularly the Jordan River, which sustains life in the arid region.
  • 04:31 Change your life by stopping bad actions and seeking forgiveness, as preached by John in the desert, echoing the messages of the prophet Isaiah.
  • 05:28 Isaiah's prophecy of freedom for the Jewish people foreshadows the coming of Jesus, as John the Baptist emphasizes the need to prepare for the Lord.
  • 06:50 John the Baptist, inspired by Isaiah, proclaims a message of preparation for the coming Messiah, urging the people to make their paths straight and ready for the Lord.
  • 08:15 Change is inevitable with God, as even the most permanent things can transform, leading to salvation for all through the Messiah.

⬇️ Centre for Christian Spirituality

Bishop D. Walker
Fr John Frauenfelder
Mrs Virginia Ryan

Emphasizing the significance of self-examination, absolution, and imparting the essence of Christmas amidst seasonal disturbances, John the Baptist’s message of repentance in the wilderness is crucial in preparing hearts and minds to welcome Jesus. This call serves as a reminder to prioritize spiritual growth during a time when material concerns can overshadow the true meaning of the season.

SOURCE: Centre for Christian Spirituality

YouTube player
DETAILED SUMMARY w/ TIMESTAMPS ✨

Lectio Reflection - Second Sunday of Advent - Luke 3:1-6 (Year C 2024)

  • 00:00 John the Baptist preached repentance in the wilderness, fulfilling Isaiah's prophecy and preparing the way for the Lord.
    • John the Baptist preached a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins in the wilderness, fulfilling the prophecy of Isaiah.
    • John the Baptist fulfills Isaiah's prophecy by calling for repentance and preparing the way for the Lord's coming.
  • 02:07 John the Baptist called for repentance to prepare for Jesus and the kingdom of God.
    • John the Baptist proclaimed a baptism of repentance, emphasizing the need for repentance as a precursor to the coming of Jesus and the kingdom of God.
    • John's baptism of repentance served as a preparation for Jesus, despite its absence in traditional artwork.
  • 04:00 Reflecting on the importance of forgiveness of sins reveals our ongoing struggle with sin, emphasizing that even good people falter daily.
  • 05:09 John's call from the wilderness emphasizes the Advent journey's connection to Jesus and invites reflection on our relationship with God.
    • John's recognition of Jesus as a baptizer connects the beginning of the Advent journey to its culmination at Christmas, highlighting Luke's attention to detail.
    • John the Baptist's prophetic call emerged from the wilderness, symbolizing a space for encountering God and reflecting on one's relationship with the divine.
  • 07:13 The Christmas message, like a voice in the wilderness, emphasizes the historical reality of Luke's account, reminding us of its significance amidst the commercial distractions of the season.
  • 08:39 Repentance signifies a profound transformation, prompting self-reflection on how it applies to one's life.
  • 10:22 Prepare the way for the Lord by sharing the Christmas story with loved ones and seeking God's guidance in daily life.
  • 12:26 Encounter Jesus in the scriptures to deepen your faith and invite others to join in this transformative experience.

⬇️ Unpacking the Mass

Kieth
Nester

Repentance and Reflection epitomize the essence of Advent, as it serves as a gentle reminder to devote oneself to introspection, spiritual cleansing, and aligning one’s heart with the divine will of God in anticipation of the coming of Christ.

SOURCE: Unpacking the Mass

YouTube player
DETAILED SUMMARY w/ TIMESTAMPS ✨
  • 00:00 Advent is a time of preparation and anticipation for the coming of the Lord, encouraging us to open our hearts to God's purpose in our lives.
  • 01:35 Jerusalem is called to embrace God's glory and prepare for His coming through repentance and restoration as promised in scripture.
    • Jerusalem is called to shed sorrow and embrace God's glory and righteousness, as He gathers His people with joy.
    • God promises to restore Israel, leveling the land and leading them back in glory, as foretold in the book of Baruch and Isaiah.
    • Baroo emphasizes God's plan for restoration and salvation, highlighting the need for repentance and preparation for the coming of the Lord during Advent.
  • 04:43 St. Paul encourages the Philippians to embrace their role in the gospel, emphasizing collective salvation and the importance of faith and obedience as they prepare for Christ's coming.
    • St. Paul encourages the Philippians by expressing gratitude for their partnership in the gospel and affirming that God will complete the good work He has begun in them, leading to growth in righteousness and holiness.
    • Paul's message is not about individual salvation but rather a broader perspective on the concept of salvation.
    • God is working within the Church to fulfill His promises, and individuals must choose to participate through faith and obedience rather than risk separation from His covenant.
    • Join the Exodus 90 Advent challenge to prepare for Jesus Christ's coming at Christmas and share God's loving presence with others.
  • 08:31 John the Baptist and Baruch emphasize repentance and God's promise of salvation and restoration for His people.
    • John the Baptist calls for repentance and prepares the way for the Lord, emphasizing that all will witness God's salvation.
    • Baruch's poetic message emphasizes God's loving call for repentance and restoration, highlighting the cycle of sin and the importance of returning to Him.
    • God's ultimate plan is to bring salvation and holiness to His people, as exemplified by John the Baptist preparing the way for the Lord.
  • 11:24 Breaking the cycle of sin requires recognizing God's faithfulness, repenting, and embracing His grace through the sacraments for spiritual healing.
    • Breaking the cycle of sin involves recognizing God's faithfulness, repenting, and striving for holiness, as He works to restore us.
    • We must actively cooperate with God's work in our lives while recognizing that we cannot save ourselves through our own efforts.
    • John's message of repentance for the coming Kingdom of Heaven emphasizes the importance of God's grace and the sacraments as essential means for spiritual healing and preparation.
  • 15:06 Actively receiving spiritual healing through confession and daily Mass is crucial for overcoming life's obstacles and preparing for God's work.
    • Having access to the cure for our spiritual sickness is meaningless if we do not actively receive and apply it.
    • Regular participation in confession and daily Mass provides essential spiritual healing and grace, helping to prepare for God's work in our lives.
    • Obstacles in life, represented by mountains and valleys, challenge us to confront what we can't overcome or endure.
  • 18:15 God's plan calls for repentance to remove obstacles and align with His guidance for a genuine change of heart.
    • God's plan involves removing obstacles and preparing a path for you, and your response should be repentance to align with that plan.
    • Repentance involves a genuine change of heart and commitment to avoid sin, allowing us to break free from the cycle of wrongdoing and trust in God's guidance.
  • 20:47 Unpacking the mass aids in overcoming obstacles to understanding God's word, while the speaker invites engagement to grow the channel during the Advent season.
    • Unpacking the mass helps remove mental and emotional obstacles to fully receive and understand God's word.
    • The speaker encourages viewers to subscribe and engage with the channel to help it grow while expressing gratitude and anticipation for the upcoming Advent season.

⬇️ Fr. Tim Peters

Fr. Tim
Peters

The arrival and infancy of Jesus serve as fulfillment of biblical prophecies, confirming his identity as the Messiah. Recognizing his divine significance through faith, prayer, and repentance becomes essential in embracing the transformative power of his message, underscoring the ultimate role of Jesus in salvation history.

SOURCE: Fr. Tim Peters

YouTube player
DETAILED SUMMARY w/ TIMESTAMPS ✨

Luke Chapters 2 and 3: The Presentation and John the Baptist, Catholic Bible Study by Fr Tim Peters

  • 00:00 Jesus' birth in Bethlehem fulfills prophecy, emphasizing his role as the savior and the significance of the Holy Spirit in recognizing him, while the Roman census sets the historical context.
    • Luke Chapter 2 highlights the role of the Holy Spirit in helping individuals recognize Jesus as the savior, paralleling the experiences of John the Baptist's family in Chapter 1.
    • The Roman census aimed to ensure accurate tax collection by conducting a headcount and gathering information on people's origins, though its exact timing remains uncertain.
    • Jesus, born in Bethlehem (meaning "House of Bread"), symbolizes the Eucharist, while Nazareth, possibly linked to Davidic descendants, signifies the Messiah's emergence from a seemingly lifeless lineage.
    • Mary and Joseph traveled from Nazareth to Bethlehem, the city of David, where Jesus was born, highlighting its significance in biblical history.
    • The prophecy from Micah 5 about a ruler from Bethlehem is fulfilled in Jesus, who is born to Mary and Joseph while they are in Bethlehem for a census.
    • The title "firstborn" signifies a special right and does not imply that Mary had other children, paralleling Israel's designation as God's firstborn son in Exodus.
  • 09:08 Jesus' birth in swaddling clothes and a manger symbolizes his future sacrifice and the world's failure to recognize him, while shepherds, as unlikely leaders, highlight the authenticity of the Gospel.
    • Swaddling clothes, used for both infants and the dead, symbolize Christ's future sacrifice as he is born and wrapped in them, highlighting his unique purpose in the world.
    • Jesus, the savior of the world, was laid in a manger due to a lack of space, symbolizing how creation did not recognize him, as noted in Isaiah.
    • The angel announces to the shepherds that a savior, Christ the Lord, is born in Bethlehem, signified by finding him wrapped in swaddling clothes and lying in a manger.
    • Shepherds symbolize leadership in Israel, as seen in the biblical figures of Moses and David, who were both called by God while tending sheep.
    • Israel had many untrustworthy leaders, both prophets and kings, yet God chose shepherds, often seen as unreliable, to encounter Christ at His birth.
    • Mary Magdalene and shepherds, as unlikely witnesses to Jesus' resurrection, highlight the authenticity of the Gospel narratives.
  • 15:08 Jesus, the Messiah and eternal sacrifice, is presented in Jerusalem, fulfilling prophecies and emphasizing the importance of haste, prayer, and reflection in our relationship with God.
    • Jesus fulfills the roles of priest, king, and prophet in the most complete way, offering himself as the eternal sacrifice for humanity's sins.
    • Jesus is the Messiah, fulfilling expectations, and the angels proclaim His birth, prompting the shepherds to hastily visit Bethlehem to witness this event.
    • Mary and the shepherds exemplify the importance of acting with haste for the Lord, contrasting it with the tendency to procrastinate.
    • Mary exemplifies the importance of contemplative prayer and reflecting on God's work in our lives, encouraging us to meditate on scripture and seek a deeper relationship with the Lord.
    • Jesus, meaning "savior" in Hebrew, was presented in Jerusalem for purification according to Mosaic law, highlighting his holiness and the significance of his name.
    • Mary underwent a purification rite and offered a sacrifice of turtle doves or pigeons, as prescribed by Mosaic law for firstborn sons after the Passover.
  • 23:12 Jesus' humble birth and circumcision symbolize new beginnings, while Simeon represents hope for Israel's consolation.
    • Jesus is circumcised on the eighth day, symbolizing a new beginning, and the Holy Family's offering of turtle doves reflects their poverty.
    • Jesus was born into poverty and obscurity, highlighting his humility and connection to the marginalized.
    • Simeon, a righteous man in Jerusalem, eagerly awaits the fulfillment of God's promises of consolation for Israel, guided by the Holy Spirit.
  • 26:44 Guided by the Holy Spirit, Simeon recognizes Jesus as the Messiah in the Temple, prophesying his universal salvation and foreshadowing Mary's suffering at the crucifixion.
    • Being guided by the Holy Spirit leads to aligning with the Father's will, while lacking that guidance results in following fleshly desires.
    • Simeon, guided by the Holy Spirit, recognizes Jesus as the Messiah in the Temple and expresses his readiness to depart in peace after witnessing God's salvation.
    • Simeon proclaims that Jesus is the Messiah who will bring salvation not only to Israel but also to all nations, highlighting his role in the spiritual rise and fall of many.
    • Many will reject the crucified Messiah, which reveals the wisdom and power of God, as highlighted by Paul in First Corinthians, emphasizing that this contradiction will pierce the soul and reveal the thoughts of many hearts.
    • Simeon's prophecy to Mary foreshadows her suffering at the crucifixion, highlighting the deep connection between her and Jesus as seen in John's Gospel.
  • 32:10 Jesus' early life includes Anna's devotion, his profound encounter in the temple at age 12, and Mary's reflective meditation, emphasizing prayer and obedience as keys to understanding God's presence.
    • Anna, a widow from the tribe of Asher, dedicated her life to worship in the temple through fasting and prayer.
    • A devout woman exemplifies a life of prayer and gratitude, recognizing God's presence as the child Jesus grows in wisdom and favor.
    • At the age of 12, Jesus stayed behind in Jerusalem during Passover, leading his parents to search for him for three days before finding him in the temple, symbolizing a moment of lost grace and eventual encounter with Christ.
    • Luke provides a preview of the resurrection through the story of Jesus in the temple, emphasizing the importance of deep, repeated meditation on the Gospels to uncover their connections.
    • Jesus was obedient to his parents until age 30, while Mary reflected on his identity and teachings, highlighting the importance of meditation and prayer in understanding God's work in our lives.
  • 37:48 God promised David an eternal dynasty, with Jesus fulfilling the temple's purpose, while John the Baptist prepares the way for the Lord amidst political and religious turmoil.
    • David envisioned building a temple for the Lord, but God promised him an eternal dynasty, with his son Solomon ultimately constructing the temple where God's presence dwelled.
    • God's glory consecrated the temple, highlighting the limitations on access to the divine presence for different groups of people.
    • Luke emphasizes the significance of the temple and how Jesus fulfills its purpose as God with us, bridging divisions among people.
    • In the 15th year of Tiberius Caesar's reign, John the Baptist preached a baptism of repentance in the wilderness, fulfilling Isaiah's prophecy to prepare the way for the Lord.
    • Pontius Pilate, influenced by his friend in Rome, navigated political tensions while Herod Antipas continued his father's legacy of violence, and Annis and Caiaphas manipulated religious authority, as John the Baptist emerged in the wilderness reflecting Israel's historical disobedience.
  • 43:22 John the Baptist calls for genuine repentance and prepares the people for Jesus, emphasizing the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the coming of the Holy Spirit.
    • John the Baptist baptized in the Jordan River to call the people to repentance and remember their ancestors' rebellion in the wilderness.
    • John the Baptist challenges the crowds to genuinely repent and bear good fruit, emphasizing the seriousness of their commitment to faith despite the difficulty of his message.
    • John the Baptist instructs people to share, act justly, and prepares them for the coming of one who will baptize with the Holy Spirit and fire.
    • Luke's gospel connects the presence of God's love and theophanies in the Old Testament, particularly through fire, to prepare for Pentecost.
    • John the Baptist calls for repentance, emphasizing the separation of the faithful (wheat) from the unfaithful (chaff) before Jesus is baptized and affirmed as God's beloved Son.
    • The significance of the "servant of the Lord" in Isaiah is fulfilled in Jesus, highlighting the connection between Old Testament prophecies and Christ's identity as God's beloved Son.
write a fifty word summary for each of these readings xxxxxxxxxxxxx Compose two 200-word essays discussing the provided scripture passage, xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. For the first essay, investigate the historical context, including relevant events, figures, and societal conditions. Consider the author’s background, the intended audience, and any significant cultural or political influences of the time. In the second essay, examine the cultural context, focusing on prevailing customs, beliefs, and practices that may have influenced the passage’s meaning and interpretation. Analyze how the cultural context shapes the passage’s message and its relevance to the original audience. Provide relevant examples and maintain a clear, concise writing style throughout both essays. Break essays into paragraphs. write a roman numeral outline with bullet points that gives a breakdown of xxxxxxxxxxxx in the NAB bible. Give a title. Do not use alphabet notations. Outline should be a summary of the text and not be preaching points. Give book, chapter and verses.

INTRO | READING 1 | READING 2 | GOSPEL

Fr. Andrew Ricci’s Podcast

Fr. Andrew, ordained in 1997 as a priest for the Diocese of Superior, serves as the Rector of the Cathedral of Christ the King.

1st Reading – Baruch 5:1-9

  • The prophet encourages the people to take off the robe of mourning and misery and put on the splendor of glory from God.
  • God has commanded; he is leading the people in joy and bringing them back in glory.

Psalm 126:1-6

  • “The Lord has done great things for us; we are filled with joy.”
  • The people who sow in tears shall reap rejoicing.

2nd Reading – Philippians 1:4-6,8-11

  • Paul confidently prays with joy for the people that they will continue their good work until the day of Christ Jesus.
  • This good work includes love, knowledge, discernment, purity and the fruit of righteousness.

Gospel – Luke 3:1-6

  • Luke sets the context of John the Baptist with the names of history, such as Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate and the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas.
  • John’s ministry is understood in light of the words of Isaiah…prepare the way of the Lord!

SOURCE: Study, Pray, Serve


FIRST
READING

The Book of Baruch promises the restoration of Jerusalem and urges the people to rejoice, for God will lead them with mercy and righteousness.

Clipart by Fr. Richard Lonsdale

INTRO | READING 1 | READING 2 | GOSPEL

Baruch 5:1-9

The content provided below has been generated using Artificial Intelligence for the WORD THIS WEEK. While it complements Fr. Andrew’s podcast and can enhance your study, please note that it is not officially associated with him or the podcast.

RESTORATION

Baruch’s Proclamation of Restoration ✨

I. Baruch’s Proclamation of Hope
– Baruch urges Jerusalem to take off garments of mourning and distress (Baruch 5:1)
– He tells Jerusalem to put on the beauty of the glory of God forever (Baruch 5:2)

II. Jerusalem’s Restoration
– Baruch is instructed to lead God’s people into Jerusalem (Baruch 5:3)
– The presence of God will shine forth upon Jerusalem’s mountain (Baruch 5:4)

III. Encouragement for Exiled Israel
– Exiled Israel is called to look toward the East from where salvation will come (Baruch 5:5)
– They are promised to be remembered and gathered by God with gladness and mercy, despite previous punishment for iniquities (Baruch 5:6-9).


SECOND
READING

Paul expresses gratitude for the Philippians’ partnership in spreading the Gospel, confident that God will continue His good work in them until Christ’s return.

Clipart by Fr. Richard Lonsdale

INTRO | READING 1 | READING 2 | GOSPEL

Philippians 1:4-6,8-11

The content provided below has been generated using Artificial Intelligence for the WORD THIS WEEK. While it complements Fr. Andrew’s podcast and can enhance your study, please note that it is not officially associated with him or the podcast.

GROWTH

Paul’s Prayer for Spiritual Growth

I. Paul’s Thankfulness and Prayer for the Philippians
– Paul always prays with joy for the Philippians (Philippians 1:4)
– He is confident that God, who began a good work in them, will carry it on to completion (Philippians 1:6)

II. Paul’s Affection for the Philippians
– Paul longs for all of them with the affection of Christ Jesus (Philippians 1:8)
– He prays that the Philippians’ love may abound more and more in knowledge and depth of insight (Philippians 1:9)

III. Paul’s Desire for Spiritual Growth
– Paul wants the Philippians to be able to discern what is best and be pure and blameless until the day of Christ (Philippians 1:10)
– He seeks that they may be filled with the fruit of righteousness that comes through Jesus Christ, to the glory and praise of God (Philippians 1:11)


GOSPEL

John the Baptist fulfills Isaiah’s prophecy, preparing the way for Jesus by preaching repentance and announcing the coming of the Lord.

Clipart by Fr. Richard Lonsdale

INTRO | READING 1 | READING 2 | GOSPEL

Luke 3:1-6

The content provided below has been generated using Artificial Intelligence for the WORD THIS WEEK. While it complements Fr. Andrew’s podcast and can enhance your study, please note that it is not officially associated with him or the podcast.

PREPARATION

Prepare the Way of the Lord ✨

I. Introduction of John the Baptist
– During the reigns of Tiberius Caesar, Herod Antipas, and Pontius Pilate (Luke 3:1)
– John appeared in the wilderness, preaching a baptism of repentance (Luke 3:3)

II. Fulfillment of Prophecy
– John fulfills Isaiah’s prophecy, preparing the way for the Lord (Luke 3:4-5)
– All humanity will see the salvation of God through John’s message (Luke 3:6)

Greg Warnusz

Lector Prep

A close look at upcoming Sunday readings, focusing on the lector’s understanding and proclamation

Greg has has served the church with his website since 1999 helping lectors prepare to proclaim the Scriptures in our Sunday assemblies.

For each Sunday’s first and second readings (and occasionally for the gospel), the Notes give the historical and theological background, plus suggestions on oral interpretation.


⬇️ Bulletin Inserts and Study Guides

OUR SUNDAY READINGS by Edrianne Ezell*
SCRIPTURE STUDY by Vince Contreras*
LECTIONARY COMMENTARY by Fr. Tobin*
ECHOING GOD’S WORD by Fr. Thibodeau*
WEEKDAY READINGS by Kieran J. O’Mahony*

⬇️ Handouts for Children

SDC WORKSHEET for children
CATHOLIC KIDS BULLETIN
CATHOLIC MOM resources

⬇️ Carmelite Lectio Divina

74 page PDF with refections and prayers for each day of the month.

Lectio Divina December 2024 (PDF)

Lectio Divina December 2024 [Mobi]

Lectio Divina December 2024 [ePub]

Source: Carmelites

⬇️ More Resources

ADVENT E-BOOK 2024


First Reading

HISTORY

Compose a 200-word essay for XXXXXXXXXXX. Investigate the HISTORICAL and POLITICAL context, including relevant events, figures. Consider the author’s background, the intended audience, and any significant cultural or political influences of the time. maintain a clear, concise writing style throughout both essays. Break essays into paragraphs.

Baruch 5:1-9 presents a vivid image of hope and restoration for the exiled people of Jerusalem. This prophetic message arises in the wake of the Babylonian exile, a pivotal event that shaped the Jewish identity and their understanding of divine promise. Written during this period, the text articulates a profound longing for the return to their homeland and the restoration of their once-glorious city.

Historical figures such as Nebuchadnezzar, the Babylonian king responsible for the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE, loom large in this context. The Babylonian exile marked a significant blow to Jewish autonomy and faith, leading to a period of despair. Baruch, understood to be a companion of Jeremiah, serves as both a scribe and prophet, articulating these struggles and the need for communal hope.

The intended audience of this passage includes the Jewish exiles who were grappling with their identity amidst foreign domination and cultural dilution. Baruch’s message resonates deeply, emphasizing that God will ultimately guide them home, symbolizing not just physical return but spiritual restoration as well. This work is a testament to the resilience of faith in times of adversity and the enduring belief in divine redemption.

SOCIETY

Compose a 200-word essay for XXXXXXXXXXX. Examine the SOCIOLOGICAL CULTURAL context, focusing on prevailing customs, beliefs, and practices that may have influenced the passage’s meaning and interpretation. Analyze how the social context shapes the passage’s message and its relevance to the original audience. maintain a clear, concise writing style throughout both essays. Break essays into paragraphs.

Baruch 5:1-9 conveys a message of comfort and hope, addressing the exiled people of Israel during a time of profound societal upheaval. The sociocultural context of this passage is rooted in the Babylonian exile, where the Israelites were stripped of their homeland, identity, and religious practices. In this environment, prevailing customs emphasized loyalty to the land and the temple, central elements of Jewish identity that had been disrupted.

The passage speaks to the collective experience of the exiles, embodying a communal call to shift their perspectives from despair to anticipation of restoration. By invoking imagery of a path being made straight and the valleys being filled, the text reflects the traditional Jewish belief in God’s promise of deliverance and redemption. The cultural understanding of prophecy plays a vital role in how the original audience received this message, as the exiles would resonate with the hope conveyed through prophetic assurance.

Moreover, the emphasis on God’s guidance in this context served to reinforce the importance of communal identity and collective memory. It urged the people to maintain faith in their heritage and future, showcasing how social and cultural dynamics profoundly shaped their belief systems. For the exiles, Baruch’s words became a rallying cry that fostered resilience and unity amidst uncertain circumstances.

THEOLOGY

Compose a 200-word essay for XXXXXXXXXXX. Examine the Roman CATHOLIC THEOLOGICAL context, and modern day application for contemporary catholics. Provide relevant examples. maintain a clear, concise writing style throughout both essays. Break essays into paragraphs.

Baruch 5:1-9 speaks of the transformation and hope for the people of Israel, emphasizing God’s promise to lead them back from exile and restore their dignity. In the Roman Catholic theological context, this passage resonates with the theme of redemption and divine mercy. The call to “put on the robe of righteousness” symbolizes a renewal of spirit and identity, reflecting the sacramental life within the Church, particularly through the Sacrament of Reconciliation. In this sacrament, Catholics experience God’s forgiving love, restoring their relationship with Him and the Church community.

For contemporary Catholics, Baruch’s message serves as a compelling reminder of hope and renewal amidst life’s challenges. For instance, during difficult times such as loss or personal failure, the promise of God’s restoration encourages believers to seek healing and strength. This can manifest in communal prayer, participation in Mass, or engaging in social justice initiatives, echoing the call to uplift the marginalized, just as Baruch highlights the return of the exiled.

Moreover, the themes of preparation and anticipation found in Baruch can guide Catholics during liturgical seasons like Advent. By focusing on spiritual renewal and reflection, they can embody the hope given in Baruch, becoming messengers of God’s love and reconciliation in a world in need of healing.

WIKIPEDIA
HAYDOCK CATHOLIC COMMENTARY
AGAPE BIBLE STUDY

The Joyful Journey to Jerusalem

SYNOPSIS: Jewish and Christian traditions connect Baruch, a companion of Jeremiah, as the author of the Book of Baruch. The book focuses on the Jews in Babylon. It stresses the importance of repentance for their return to Jerusalem. The text emphasizes the promise of the exiles' return. It also encourages reflection on the spiritual journey of believers toward the heavenly Jerusalem.

Baruch illustrates the faithful remnant joyfully returning home. They are told to replace mourning garments with a "robe of righteousness" and a "crown of glory." This symbolizes a renewal of the covenant. Their transformation reveals God's justice and glory to other nations.

The later verses contain an eschatological promise. This promise extends beyond the Old Covenant to include the entire world. It parallels themes found in the prophets and connects with St. John's vision of the New Jerusalem in Revelation. Christ embodies peace, justice, and divine glory. He invites believers to follow His example for spiritual renewal and the fulfillment of the promise of Heaven. St. Irenaeus also wrote about the New Jerusalem in Revelation.

VIEW FULL COMMENTARY

Above is an AI-generated summary, expressed through concise and compact statements, of content from Michel E. Hunt's commentary at Agape Bible Study Copyright © 2015; revised 2024


Second Reading

HISTORY

Compose a 200-word essay for XXXXXXXXXXX. Investigate the HISTORICAL and POLITICAL context, including relevant events, figures. Consider the author’s background, the intended audience, and any significant cultural or political influences of the time. maintain a clear, concise writing style throughout both essays. Break essays into paragraphs.

Philippians 1:4-6, 8-11 offers significant insight into the early Christian community and its historical context. The Apostle Paul, a former Pharisee and fervent persecutor of Christians, is the author of this letter. Imprisoned while writing from Rome, Paul addresses the Philippian Church, which he established during his second missionary journey. The city of Philippi was a Roman colony in Macedonia, populated primarily by Gentiles, and served as a strategic military and trade hub. This unique setting influenced the theological and social messages within the text.

Paul expresses gratitude for the Philippians and their partnership in the gospel. His reflection underscores the deep bonds of fellowship cultivated among early Christians amidst challenges posed by the Roman Empire, which often viewed the rising Christian faith with suspicion. The significance of joy, love, and abounding knowledge in these verses highlights the importance of community support in navigating external pressures.

Paul’s plea for spiritual growth and discernment emphasizes the necessity for believers to remain steadfast in their faith. This appeal was not merely a personal request but a call to action for the entire community, encouraging them to live in a manner worthy of the gospel, which was essential in the politically charged environment of the time.

SOCIETY

Compose a 200-word essay for XXXXXXXXXXX. Examine the SOCIOLOGICAL CULTURAL context, focusing on prevailing customs, beliefs, and practices that may have influenced the passage’s meaning and interpretation. Analyze how the social context shapes the passage’s message and its relevance to the original audience. maintain a clear, concise writing style throughout both essays. Break essays into paragraphs.

Philippians 1:4-6, 8-11 encapsulates Paul’s deep affection for the Christian community in Philippi, reflecting a sociocultural landscape imbued with diverse beliefs and practices. The city was a Roman colony, and its inhabitants were influenced by both Greco-Roman culture and emerging Christian ideals. This duality shaped their understanding of community, faith, and loyalty.

In this context, the prevailing customs of civic duty and loyalty to the Roman Empire can be seen in stark contrast to the communal bonds fostered within the Christian fellowship. Paul’s emphasis on prayer and mutual support illustrates a departure from individualism, promoting interdependence among believers. His expression of gratitude and joy reveals the strength of their relationships, highlighting how communal identity was crucial for early Christians navigating a society that often marginalized their beliefs.

Furthermore, Paul’s mention of love, discernment, and righteousness speaks to ancient Greek values while reinterpreting them through a Christian lens. This infusion of new meaning into familiar concepts encouraged the Philippians to embody a transformative faith that transcended cultural boundaries. By addressing these sociocultural dynamics, Paul’s message becomes not only a personal encouragement but also a call for the community to live out their faith authentically amidst their cultural milieu.

THEOLOGY

Compose a 200-word essay for XXXXXXXXXXX. Examine the Roman CATHOLIC THEOLOGICAL context, and modern day application for contemporary catholics. Provide relevant examples. maintain a clear, concise writing style throughout both essays. Break essays into paragraphs.

Philippians 1:4-6, 8-11 serves as a profound expression of St. Paul’s love and gratitude for the community in Philippi. Within the Roman Catholic theological context, these verses highlight the importance of communal faith and the transformative power of God’s grace in the lives of believers. Paul expresses confidence that God, who began a good work in them, will bring it to completion. This underscores the Catholic belief in the ongoing nature of salvation—a process of continual conversion and growth in holiness.

In contemporary application, Catholics are encouraged to embrace the transformative journey of faith articulated by Paul. This means actively participating in the sacraments and the community of the Church, fostering relationships built on love and mutual support. For instance, engaging in parish activities or social justice initiatives can help deepen one’s faith while contributing positively to society.

Moreover, St. Paul’s prayer for love and discernment invites modern Catholics to cultivate a spirit of compassion and understanding. In a world often marked by division, practicing love and empathy can lead to constructive dialogues and actions. Living out these principles not only strengthens personal faith but also embodies the Church’s mission to bear witness to Christ’s love in everyday life.

WIKIPEDIA
HAYDOCK CATHOLIC COMMENTARY
AGAPE BIBLE STUDY

The Day of Christ Jesus

SYNOPSIS: St. Paul's letter to the Philippians shows his deep affection for this first European Christian community. He founded it during his second missionary journey. Paul expresses joy in their faithfulness to the Gospel. He emphasizes that joy is a fruit of the Holy Spirit. This joy is closely connected to charity and divine grace.

St. Paul highlights the importance of God's promised return. He urges Christians to remember "the day of Christ." His longing for the Philippians reflects Christ's affection. This illustrates the connection between human and divine love.

Paul prays for their love to grow in knowledge and discernment. This growth helps them recognize what is truly valuable. Discernment is a gift of the Holy Spirit. Christians receive it at Pentecost and through the Sacraments of Baptism and Confirmation.

Paul stresses the importance of growth in love. True charity comes from God. This journey towards discernment brings believers closer to God. It prepares them for the day of Christ's return when He will receive His Church in glory.

VIEW FULL COMMENTARY

Above is an AI-generated summary, expressed through concise and compact statements, of content from Michel E. Hunt's commentary at Agape Bible Study Copyright © 2015; revised 2024


Gospel

HISTORY

Compose a 200-word essay for XXXXXXXXXXX. Investigate the HISTORICAL and POLITICAL context, including relevant events, figures. Consider the author’s background, the intended audience, and any significant cultural or political influences of the time. maintain a clear, concise writing style throughout both essays. Break essays into paragraphs.

The text references Emperor Tiberius, the Roman ruler during Jesus’ ministry, who maintained control over the vast empire through bureaucracy and military force. Additionally, Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, is mentioned as a figure of authority in the region. His role in the crucifixion of Jesus highlights the Roman Empire’s influence in religious and political affairs.

The passage also introduces Herod, tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip, tetrarch of Iturea and Traconitis. These regional rulers represented the complex political dynamics within the Roman Empire and their presence in the text underlines the challenges faced by John the Baptist and Jesus as they navigated these power structures.

Luke, the author of this Gospel, was a well-educated physician and a Gentile convert to Christianity. His Gospel was likely written to provide a comprehensive account of Jesus’ life and teachings to a primarily Gentile audience. Understanding this background helps readers recognize the author’s intention to connect the story of Jesus to the larger historical and political context.

SOCIETY

Compose a 200-word essay for XXXXXXXXXXX. Examine the SOCIOLOGICAL CULTURAL context, focusing on prevailing customs, beliefs, and practices that may have influenced the passage’s meaning and interpretation. Analyze how the social context shapes the passage’s message and its relevance to the original audience. maintain a clear, concise writing style throughout both essays. Break essays into paragraphs.

John’s ministry in the wilderness symbolizes his connection to the Old Testament prophets, who often received divine revelations in similar settings. The Jewish people held these prophets in high regard, and John’s preaching echoed their messages of repentance and spiritual transformation.

Moreover, the practice of baptism, as introduced by John, marks a significant departure from Jewish customs of the time. Traditionally, ritual bathing was reserved for specific situations, such as purification ceremonies for priests. John’s baptism, however, was open to all who sought repentance, emphasizing the universal nature of his message and its relevance to people from all walks of life.

John’s call for repentance also highlights the growing discontent among the Jewish population, who longed for liberation from political oppression and spiritual stagnation. This social context underscores the urgency and significance of John’s message, as it resonated with people’s desire for change and renewal.

THEOLOGY

Compose a 200-word essay for XXXXXXXXXXX. Examine the Roman CATHOLIC THEOLOGICAL context, and modern day application for contemporary catholics. Provide relevant examples. maintain a clear, concise writing style throughout both essays. Break essays into paragraphs.

John’s message of repentance resonates with Catholic teachings on the Sacrament of Reconciliation. Like John, the Church emphasizes the need for ongoing conversion and the forgiveness of sins as essential aspects of the Christian life. Furthermore, John’s baptism serves as a forerunner to the Christian Sacrament of Baptism, which initiates believers into the life of Christ and the Church.

In a modern-day context, Catholics can draw inspiration from John the Baptist’s humility, courage, and unwavering commitment to his mission. As a witness to the light of Christ, John challenges contemporary Catholics to bear witness to their faith and stand firm in the face of adversity.

Additionally, John’s call for repentance and spiritual preparation can inspire Catholics to engage in ongoing spiritual growth and renewal, especially during liturgical seasons such as Advent and Lent. By reflecting on John’s message, Catholics can deepen their understanding of their faith and its relevance in their daily lives.

WIKIPEDIA
HAYDOCK CATHOLIC COMMENTARY
AGAPE BIBLE STUDY

Prepare the Way of the Lord

An AI-generated summary, expressed through concise and compact statements, of content from Michel E. Hunt's commentary.

✨ The content outlines Tiberius Caesar's reign starting in AD 14 after Augustus died. It explains ancient year counting, impacting biblical accounts like Jesus in the tomb for three days. St. John's ministry is framed by the political leaders, including Herod Antipas and Pontius Pilate. The religious leaders mentioned are High Priests Annas and Caiaphas. St. John, a relative of Jesus, has a calling similar to other prophets. The text includes resources for more about Judea's rulers and related biblical references.

St. Luke emphasizes John the Baptist's divine call. He references Isaiah 40:3-5, which is echoed by Matthew, Mark, and John. Matthew and John quote parts of this text. However, only Luke includes the entire passage. This passage highlights God's promise of a new Exodus. It speaks of removing obstacles to salvation.

The message urges people to turn from sin to righteousness. It marks a transformative moment in salvation history. The theme in Isaiah is similar to Simeon's prophecy in Luke 2:30-32. Simeon sees Jesus as the fulfillment of salvation.

John the Baptist is the prophetic voice crying out in the wilderness. He calls the covenant people to repentance. His message prepares the way for the Messiah. During Advent, believers are invited to respond to St. John's call. They should confess their sins and align their lives with God's path. This prepares them for the remembrance of Christ's first coming and His eventual return.

VIEW FULL COMMENTARY

EXCERPT

The Prophetic Voice in Isaiah 40: A Call to Prepare for Salvation

St. Luke further emphasizes the nature of John's divine call by quoting from the book of the 8th-century BC prophet Isaiah in Isaiah 40:3-5, a passage also quoted in part by the other Gospel writers (Mt 3:3, Mk 1:3, and Jn 1:23). Matthew quotes verse 3 from the Isaiah text (Mt 3:3), as does the Gospel of John (Jn 1:23). However, only Luke quotes the entire passage of Isaiah 40:3-6, A voice of one crying out in the desert: "Prepare the way of the Lord, make straight his paths. Every valley shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be made low. The winding roads shall be made straight, and the rough ways made smooth, and all flesh shall see the salvation of God."

Through the prophet Isaiah, God promised a new Exodus similar to the first when God liberated the children of Israel from Egyptian slavery and brought them through the desert wilderness to rescue them and secure their salvation (Dt 33:2; Ps 68:7-8). The passage poetically announces that God will remove all obstacles, and nothing will hinder His coming or the message of His gift of salvation to humanity. The paths and roadways that "shall be made straight" are not physical thoroughfares but the people's lives that must avoid the crooked ways of sin that have become obstacles/mountains that separate them from God. They must come to the straight paths of righteousness that lead to salvation. However, the mysterious prophetic voice in Isaiah 40:3-5 is not a person or agent of God in the Book of Isaiah. Instead, the unidentified prophetic voice announces a turning point in salvation history in the coming of God among His people and the wondrous, all-encompassing change the Lord's coming will have on the world. So, who is the prophetic voice?

SOURCE: Agape Bible Study Copyright © 2015; revised 2024 (Used with permission.)