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2023
December 24, 2023 – YEAR B
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Theology of the Body

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CATHOLIC THEOLOGY

Catholic Culture | Moral Theology | Stewardship | Theology of the Body

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the BodyChristologyEcclesiologySacramental TheologyTheodicy

Theology of the Body

2ND READING COMMENTARY

Verse 25: "Now to him who can strengthen you, according to my gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery kept secret for long ages."

This verse emphasizes the power and authority of God, who is able to strengthen believers.

It is significant in Theology of the Body because it reminds us that God's grace is essential for us to fully live out the Gospel message, including the understanding of our own bodies and sexuality. Our human weakness finds its strength in God's loving plan for our lives, as Pope St. John Paul II states in his Theology of the Body: "Man becomes the image of God not so much in the moment of solitude as in the moment of communion… This image and likeness are above all the basis of the calling to love" (TOB 9:2).

Verse 26: "But now manifested through the prophetic writings and, according to the command of the eternal God, made known to all nations to bring about the obedience of faith."

This passage highlights that the mystery of God's plan, which includes the redemption and sanctification of our bodies, has been revealed through the prophetic writings of the Old Testament.

The Theology of the Body builds upon this understanding by recognizing that Scripture contains profound insights into the meaning and purpose of the human body. As Pope St. John Paul II writes, "The body, and it alone, is capable of making visible what is invisible: the spiritual and the divine" (TOB 19:4). It is through faith and obedience to this revealed truth that we can fully participate in God's plan for our lives.

Verse 27: "To the only wise God, through Jesus Christ be glory forever and ever. Amen."

This final verse concludes the passage with a doxology, recognizing that all glory and honor belong to God.

In relation to the Theology of the Body, this verse reminds us that our bodies are not just vessels for our own pleasure or use but are ultimately meant to glorify God. Pope St. John Paul II emphasizes this unity of body and soul, stating that "the body participates in a person's dignity… Dignity belongs to the person in view of his spiritual end and gift, precisely because the human body is constituted by this principle, just as man is constituted as physical and spiritual being" (TOB 15:1).

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

The Integration of Body and Soul:

In Luke 1:27, Mary is introduced as a "virgin," implying her physical purity.

The Theology of the Body underscores the essential unity of body and soul, emphasizing that the human person is an integrated whole. Pope John Paul II highlights this connection between physical integrity and spiritual dignity, stating in Paragraph 22 of Theology of the Body, "The body… discloses the soul and is itself established as the visible sign of the invisible spirit." Mary's virginity, which protects her integrity, is a powerful symbol of the sacredness of the body-soul unity.

Embracing the Gift of Life:

In Verse 28, Gabriel greets Mary as the "favored one," recognizing the honor God has bestowed upon her.

The encounter between Gabriel and Mary highlights the sanctity and preciousness of human life. In his Theology of the Body, John Paul II speaks of the inherent dignity of every person: "Man is called to a fullness of life which far exceeds the dimensions of his earthly existence" (Paragraph 14). Mary's role as the chosen vessel to bear the Son of God reveals the limitless value and potential of every human life.

Surrendering to the Divine Will:

Mary's response to Gabriel's extraordinary message, "Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord. May it be done to me according to your word," demonstrates her total and selfless surrender to God's will (Luke 1:38).

This radical self-giving love aligns with the central theme of Theology of the Body, which emphasizes that love is the foundation of human existence. In Paragraph 47, John Paul II states, "Man cannot fully find himself except through a sincere gift of himself." Mary's response exemplifies the concept of the gift of self and teaches us to embrace God's plan for our lives, even when it seems incomprehensible.

Incarnation and the Dignity of the Body:

The significance of the incarnation is prominent in Luke 1:31-33, where Gabriel declares that Jesus will be called the Son of the Most High.

The Theology of the Body emphasizes that the body is a means for expressing and experiencing the divine. In Paragraph 16, John Paul II writes, "The mystery of the invisible God, which was accomplished in Christ through 'his body,' throws light on the meaning of the body." Through the Incarnation, the human body is elevated and becomes a sacred vessel for encountering the Divine.

Mary’s Perpetual Virginity

While Mary had “no relations with a man,” the virginal union Mary experienced with God when the “power of the Most High” overshadowed her was an experience of everything to which the marital embrace is meant to point. The doctrine of Mary’s perpetual virginity, therefore, is in no way a negation of human sexuality, as many tend to think. Rather, it is the deepest possible affirmation of the real purpose and meaning of sexuality: to point us to union with God. As St. John Paul II observed, Mary’s virginity is motivated by her “desire for total union with God.” “She wanted to be his faithful bride.”

SOURCE: West, Christopher. Word Made Flesh: A Companion to the Sunday Readings (Cycle B) . Ave Maria Press. Kindle Edition.

Christology

2ND READING COMMENTARY

Verse 25: "Now to him who can strengthen you, according to my gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery that was kept secret for long ages"

In this verse, the Apostle Paul directs our attention to God, who possesses the power to strengthen us. The strengthening, according to Paul, comes through his gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ.

Here, we see an essential component of Christology - recognizing Jesus as the central figure who brings revelation and enlightens believers with the mystery that was hidden throughout the ages.

Verse 26: "but now has been manifested and through the prophetic writings has been made known to all nations, according to the command of the eternal God, to bring about the obedience of faith"

Paul continues by emphasizing that the mystery has now been manifested and made known to all nations.

This aligns with Christology because it highlights Jesus' role as the fulfillment of the prophetic writings. The eternal God, through His command, has brought this revelation to bring about the obedience of faith. Christology sees Jesus as the culmination of God's plan, revealed through biblical prophecies and intended to call humanity to faith and obedience.

Verse 27: "to the only wise God, through Jesus Christ, be glory forever and ever. Amen."

In the concluding verse, Paul directs praise and glory to the only wise God.

Christology emphasizes the unique relationship between God and Jesus Christ, considering Jesus as the incarnate Son of God. This verse acknowledges that worship and glory should be directed not only to God the Father but also to Jesus Christ. The reference to Jesus as the means through which this worship is accomplished further supports the Christological dimension of this passage.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

Verse 26: "In the sixth month, the angel Gabriel was sent from God to a town of Galilee called Nazareth."

This verse sets the stage for the Annunciation, where the angel Gabriel appears to Mary. It emphasizes the historical context by mentioning the specific month and location. It also highlights the divine intervention in sending the angel Gabriel as a messenger from God.

Paragraph from the Catechism (CCC 487): "What the Catholic faith believes about Mary is based on what it believes about Christ, and what it teaches about Mary illumines in turn its faith in Christ. Mary's predestination...is revealed in the very event of the Incarnation of the Son of God."

Verse 27: "To a virgin betrothed to a man named Joseph, of the house of David, and the virgin's name was Mary."

This verse introduces Mary as a virgin who is betrothed to Joseph, a descendant of King David. It highlights the importance of Mary's virginal state and her connection to the royal lineage of David.

Paragraph from the Catechism (CCC 488): "Through the centuries the Church has become ever more aware that Mary, 'full of grace' through God, was redeemed from the moment of her conception...and that she lived a life completely free from sin."

Verse 28: "And coming to her, he said, 'Hail, full of grace! The Lord is with you.'"

The angel Gabriel greets Mary with the words, "Hail, full of grace! The Lord is with you." This greeting acknowledges Mary's unique status as one who is filled with God's grace and favored by Him.

Paragraph from the Catechism (CCC 490): "To become the mother of the Savior, Mary 'was enriched by God with gifts appropriate to such a role.' The angel Gabriel at the moment of the Annunciation salutes her as 'full of grace.'"

Verse 29: "But she was greatly troubled at what was said and pondered what sort of greeting this might be."

Mary's reaction to the angel's greeting shows her humility and her deep reflection upon the message she has received. She is troubled and seeks to understand the significance of the angel's words.

Paragraph from the Catechism (CCC 494): "At the announcement that she would give birth to 'the Son of the Most High' without knowing man, by the power of the Holy Spirit, Mary responded with the obedience of faith."

Verse 30: "Then the angel said to her, 'Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.'"

The angel reassures Mary and tells her not to be afraid. He reminds her that she has found favor with God, emphasizing her chosen role in God's plan for salvation.

Paragraph from the Catechism (CCC 495): "Called in the Gospels 'the mother of Jesus,' Mary is acclaimed by Elizabeth, at the prompting of the Spirit and even before the birth of her son, as 'the mother of my Lord.'"

Verse 31: "Behold, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall name him Jesus."

The angel Gabriel reveals to Mary that she will conceive a son through the power of the Holy Spirit. She is told to name the child Jesus, which means "Yahweh saves" or "God is salvation."

Paragraph from the Catechism (CCC 430): "Jesus means in Hebrew: 'God saves.' At the annunciation, the angel Gabriel gave him the name Jesus as his proper name, which expresses both his identity and his mission."

Verse 32-33: "He will be great and will be called Son of the Most High, and the Lord God will give him the throne of David his father, and he will rule over the house of Jacob forever, and of his Kingdom there will be no end."

These verses highlight the exalted status of Jesus, who will be called the Son of the Most High. It is prophesied that Jesus will inherit the throne of David and establish an eternal Kingdom.

Paragraph from the Catechism (CCC 436): "The angel Gabriel at the Annunciation salutes her as 'full of grace.' In fact, in order for Mary to be able to give the free assent of her faith to the announcement of her vocation, it was necessary that she be wholly borne by God's grace."

Verse 34: "But Mary said to the angel, 'How can this be, since I have no relations with a man?'"

Mary expresses her confusion, questioning how she can conceive a child since she has not had sexual relations with a man. Her question shows her deep faith and her commitment to purity.

Paragraph from the Catechism (CCC 496): "From the first formulations of her faith, the Church has confessed that Jesus was conceived solely by the power of the Holy Spirit in the womb of the Virgin Mary, affirming also the corporeal aspect of this event:Copy to documentDelete

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[contentcards url=”https://catholicexchange.com/what-marys-fiat-shows-us-about-christ-and-ourselves/”%5D

In his treatise on the Trinity, St. Augustine teaches that we refer to Christ as the Word, because of God’s perfect unity and simplicity. Unlike God, man needs many words as he searches out the truth and deliberates whether to accept it God, whose will is perfectly good and unchanging and who is Truth itself, needs only one Word in order to comprehend Himself and His plan for creation.

It follows that the closer we get to God, the simpler our own speech must become. Mary’s fiat thus represents the height of holiness. She is so united to God, the Word Incarnate, that she needs but one word to communicate her acceptance and participation in His mission.

SOURCE: Catholic Exchange

Ecclesiology

2ND READING COMMENTARY

Verse 25: "Now to him who can strengthen you, according to my gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery that was kept secret for long ages"

In this verse, Paul acknowledges the strength that comes from God through his gospel.

Catholic Ecclesiology teaches that the Church, as the Body of Christ, is the means through which God's strength is bestowed upon its members. The gospel proclaimed within the Church carries the power to transform and strengthen believers, highlighting the ecclesiastical understanding of God's work within the community of believers.

Verse 26: "but now has been manifested and through the prophetic writings has been made known to all nations, according to the command of the eternal God, to bring about the obedience of faith"

This verse underscores the universality and mission of the Church, as it proclaims that the mystery that was once hidden has now been manifested and made known to all nations.

Catholic Ecclesiology views the Church as the instrument through which God's salvific plan is brought to the entire world. Through the command of the eternal God, the Church is called to bring people to faith and obedience through the proclamation of the gospel.

Verse 27: "to the only wise God, through Jesus Christ, be glory forever and ever. Amen."

The final verse of this passage focuses on giving glory to God.

Catholic Ecclesiology recognizes that the Church's ultimate purpose is to bring glory to God. The Church, as the visible presence of Christ on earth, exists to worship and glorify God through Jesus Christ. This verse affirms the central role of the Church in offering worship and praise to God, highlighting its importance in Catholic Ecclesiology.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

Luke 1:26-38 presents us with the profound encounter between the angel Gabriel and Mary, a young, humble woman from Nazareth. Through the lens of Ecclesiology, we can discern important themes that illuminate the Church's role and identity, as demonstrated in Mary's response and the remarkable events surrounding the Incarnation.

In verse 26, the angel Gabriel is sent from God to Nazareth.

This act of divine sending reflects the nature of the Church as being sent into the world. Just as Gabriel was specifically chosen and sent by God, so too is the Church commissioned to go forth and proclaim the Gospel to all nations, as stated in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20).

The angel's greeting to Mary in verse 28, "Hail, favored one! The Lord is with you"

The salutation "favored one" points to Mary's unique and privileged role in salvation history. In a similar way, the Church is called to be a vessel of God's grace, chosen and favored to carry forth the message of salvation to the world.

Mary's initial response in verse 29 reveals her humility and contemplative spirit.

She ponders the significance of the angel's greeting, demonstrating a willingness to reflect and understand God's plan.

This attitude of reflection and contemplation mirrors the Church's call to ponder and discern God's will in the world. Through prayer and discernment, the Church seeks to faithfully respond to the challenges and opportunities presented by God.

The angel's reassuring words to Mary in verse 30, "Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God"

This parallels the Church's assurance of God's favor and protection. Just as Mary was called to face unforeseen challenges and uncertainties, so too does the Church encounter difficulties, yet remains steadfast in the knowledge of God's grace and favor, as promised in Scripture.

In verse 31, Gabriel reveals to Mary that she will conceive and bear a son named Jesus.

This announcement signifies the unique role of Mary as the mother of Jesus, who will be the incarnate Son of God.

This aspect interacts directly with Ecclesiology, as the Church is called to be the spiritual mother of all believers. The Church nurtures and guides its members in their spiritual journey, leading them to encounter and follow Jesus, the Son of God.

The angel's declaration in verse 32-33 further emphasizes the Messianic nature of Mary's child.

Jesus is proclaimed as the Son of the Most High, the fulfillment of the Davidic promise, and the eternal ruler over the house of Jacob. These titles and roles encapsulate the Church's understanding of Jesus as the Messiah and its mission to proclaim and embody His kingship in the world.

Mary's question in verse 34, "How can this be, since I have no relations with a man?"

It reveals her openness to divine mystery and her desire to understand.

This question reminds the Church of the need for faith and trust in the face of God's mysterious and wondrous works. The Church, too, acknowledges that not all mysteries can be fully comprehended or explained by human understanding, but are embraced through faith.

The angel's response in verse 35, explaining the role of the Holy Spirit in the conception

It underscores the supernatural dimension of the Incarnation.

This highlights the Church's reliance on the Holy Spirit for guidance, empowerment, and sanctification. It is through the working of the Holy Spirit that the Church is endowed with spiritual gifts and empowered to fulfill its mission.

Mary's fiat in verse 38

This is her complete submission to God's will.

It exemplifies the Church's vital response to God's call. Mary's acceptance and obedience demonstrate the Church's call to surrender to God's plan, even in the face of uncertainty and challenges. The Church seeks to align itself with God's purpose, faithfully carrying out its mission, just as Mary fulfilled her sacred role as the Mother of God.

In conclusion, Luke 1:26-38 presents a rich ecclesiological narrative that illuminates the nature and mission of the Church. Through Mary's response and the angel's messages, we gain insights into the Church's identity as a vessel of grace, its call to be sent into the world, its role as a bearer and nurturer of the Gospel, and its dependence on the Holy Spirit. The passage challenges the Church to embrace humility, discernment, faith, and obedience as it faithfully fulfills its mission in the world.

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SOURCE: Wikipedia

Sacramental Theology

2ND READING COMMENTARY

Romans 16:25-27 (NAB) is a powerful passage that delves into the profound mystery of God and His divine plan of salvation. Although it may seem initially unrelated to sacramental theology, a closer analysis reveals the connection between the two. This essay will explore how this passage relates to sacramental theology, emphasizing the transformative and salvific nature of the sacraments.

Romans 16:25 begins with the Apostle Paul's acknowledgment of the revelation of the mystery that had been kept secret for long ages but has now been disclosed.

This revelation is none other than the Gospel of Jesus Christ, the Good News of salvation.

In the sacraments, the mystery of God's plan is unveiled and made present to believers in a tangible and transformative way. The sacraments are visible signs instituted by Christ to communicate His saving grace to humanity. They allow individuals to participate actively in God's plan of salvation and experience a personal encounter with His redeeming love. Through the sacraments, believers can receive and cooperate with the grace necessary for their spiritual growth and salvation.

Verse 26 of this passage states that God's revelation was made manifest through the prophetic writings, according to the command of the eternal God.

In this context, the sacraments can be seen as a continuation of the prophetic tradition. The prophets of the Old Testament foretold the coming of the Messiah and pointed towards the fulfillment of God's plan in Christ.

The sacraments, likewise, continue to proclaim and make present the saving work of Christ to all generations. Sacraments such as Baptism and Confirmation, rooted in the prophetic tradition, mark an individual's initiation into the Christian community and impart the Holy Spirit. These sacraments signify the believer's incorporation into the Body of Christ, the Church, and their participation in the salvific mission of Christ. Through the sacraments, the eternal God's command to be baptized and confirmed becomes a tangible reality, filled with transformative grace.

Verse 27 of Romans 16 highlights the ultimate goal of the revelation and sacraments: "to the only wise God, through Jesus Christ be glory forevermore."

Sacraments, which are instruments of God's wisdom and grace, ultimately lead believers to God's eternal glory. They strengthen the faithful on their pilgrimage towards eternal life and foster their communion with God in the heavenly kingdom. The Eucharist especially exemplifies this connection between the revelation of God's mystery and eternal glory. Through the Eucharist, believers encounter Christ in a unique way and are nourished spiritually by the Bread of Life. This encounter initiates the path towards eternal glory, where believers will forever give glory to God through Jesus Christ.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

The passage of Luke 1:26-38, commonly referred to as the Annunciation, recounts the angel Gabriel's visit to the Virgin Mary, announcing that she would conceive and bear the Son of God, Jesus Christ. This profound event holds significant theological implications, especially when viewed through the lens of sacramental theology.

Role of Mediation in Sacramental Theology

Just as Gabriel was the intermediary between God's message and Mary, acting as the messenger who conveyed God's will, sacraments similarly act as conduits of grace and communication between God and humanity.

Through the sacraments, God communicates his love, mercy, and forgiveness. They bridge the gap between the divine and human, bringing God's presence and grace into the lives of believers.

Grace as the Foundation of Sacramental Theology:

The concept of grace lies at the core of sacramental theology, emphasizing the divine favor bestowed upon humanity. In the Annunciation, we witness the ultimate act of grace as Mary is chosen to participate in the Incarnation. The angel Gabriel greets her with the words, "Hail, full of grace!" (Lk 1:28).

This salutation signifies Mary's unique and unparalleled state of divine favor, making her an instrument of God's redemptive plan. Mary's reception of grace exemplifies the sacramental principle that God's grace is freely given and transformative.

Humble Setting of the Annunciation

The humble setting in which the Annunciation takes place highlights the sacramental principle of the ordinary becoming extraordinary. Mary, a young and ordinary woman from Nazareth, is chosen to be the mother of the Savior. This choice emphasizes God's preference for the lowly and insignificant.

Similarly, the sacraments operate through ordinary elements and actions, such as water, bread, and wine, but through the power of the Holy Spirit, they become vehicles of divine grace. In this way, the sacraments sanctify and elevate the mundane, transforming the ordinary into something extraordinary.

Mary's Response of Faith and Obedience

Mary's response of faith and obedience to the angel's message demonstrates the necessity of human cooperation in receiving sacramental grace. Mary willingly accepts her role in God's plan, saying, "Let it be done to me according to your word." Her consent to God's will allows the Incarnation to take place within her, fulfilling the divine plan of salvation.

Similarly, in the sacraments, active participation and openness of heart are necessary to receive the fullness of grace offered. When individuals actively engage in the sacramental rituals with faith and surrender, they create a space for God's transformative grace to act within them.

The Role of the Holy Spirit

The role of the Holy Spirit in the Annunciation story is reminiscent of the sacraments as channels of the Holy Spirit. It is through the overshadowing of the Holy Spirit that Mary conceives Jesus within her womb.

Likewise, in the sacraments, the Holy Spirit is the primary agent who effectuates the transformative power of God's grace. From baptism to confirmation, from the Eucharist to holy orders, the Holy Spirit is instrumental in making the sacraments efficacious, communicating the life-giving presence of Christ to the believer.

The Incarnation: The Ultimate Sacrament:

The Annunciation reveals the mystery of the Incarnation, the ultimate sacrament, where God becomes man in the person of Jesus Christ. Mary's response to Gabriel's message, "Let it be done to me according to your word" (Lk 1:38), signifies her fiat, her complete surrender to God's will. In this act of faith and obedience, Mary becomes the living vessel through which God enters the world.

This sacred event foreshadows the sacraments, visible signs instituted by Christ, through which God's grace is communicated to humanity. The Annunciation highlights the sacramental principle that God chooses to work through tangible means to convey His divine presence and grace.

[contentcards url=”https://bccatholic.ca/voices/fr-vincent-hawkswell/love-the-guest-is-on-the-way”%5D

God actually asked Mary to make a place for him in her body. “O virgin mother of God, the universe cannot hold him, and yet, becoming man, he confined himself in your womb,” the Church marvels in one of her prayers.

For much of his life, however, Jesus had no place of his own. When he was born, Mary had to lay him “in a manger,” in a stable, “because there was no room for them in the place where travellers lodged.” Jesus himself said, “Foxes have lairs, the birds in the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.” His own people had no place for him in their society, their religion, or their hearts. He even had to be buried in a borrowed tomb.

SOURCE: B.C. Catholic

Theodicy

2ND READING COMMENTARY

Romans 16:25-27 (NAB) presents a theological challenge that is intimately connected to theodicy, the exploration of God's justice in the face of human suffering and evil.

In Romans 16:25, the Apostle Paul speaks of the revelation of God's mystery, which had been kept secret for ages but is now disclosed.

This mystery refers to God's plan of salvation, which culminates in the coming of Jesus Christ. It is through Christ and His redemptive work that humanity can find hope and salvation amidst the suffering and evil in the world.

Theodicy grapples with the paradox of a good and just God coexisting with the existence of pain, suffering, and evil. How can God be loving and all-powerful, yet allow such afflictions to persist? Romans 16:25 suggests that the answer lies in the unfolding of God's plan of salvation. God's revelation and purpose are often hidden from human understanding, and only in the fullness of time do they become clear.

Verse 26 emphasizes that this revelation is made manifest through the prophetic writings.

The prophets of the Old Testament not only foretold the coming of the Messiah but also wrestled with the reality of suffering and evil in their own time. Their words remind us that God is not indifferent to human suffering but is actively working to bring about redemption and restoration. In these verses, Paul assures believers that God's righteousness and wisdom are at work, even when evil seems to prevail. 

The sufferings we endure are not arbitrary or meaningless but are part of a larger narrative of salvation. Just as the suffering and crucifixion of Christ led to His resurrection and the defeat of sin and death, so too can our own sufferings, when united to Christ's, have redemptive value. This understanding does not negate the moral responsibility of human beings for the evil and suffering we inflict on others. Rather, it offers a framework for understanding how God's justice and mercy can intersect with the brokenness of our world. God, in His wisdom, allows for human free will and the consequences it entails, yet simultaneously works to bring about a greater good.

Romans 16:27 underscores the ultimate purpose of God's revelation and plan: that all might give glory to Him through Jesus Christ forever.

In the face of human suffering and evil, theodicy encourages believers to trust in the ultimate triumph of God's justice and goodness. While we may not fully understand why suffering exists, we can find hope in the promise of eternal glory and union with God.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

Luke 1:26-38 (NAB) narrates the Annunciation, the angel Gabriel's visit to the Virgin Mary to announce that she has been chosen by God to conceive His Son. By examining this passage in relation to theodicy, we can explore how Mary's response might inform our understanding of suffering and the divine plan.

Mary's "yes" to God's plan highlights the importance of human free will and cooperation with God's will.

God respects and honors Mary's freedom to accept or decline the angel's message.

If suffering and evil exist in the world, it is not due to God's direct causation but rather the result of human choices. God empowers individuals to participate in His divine plan, giving them the freedom to choose good or evil.

Mary's fiat, "may it be done to me according to your word"

Her fist demonstrates her complete trust and surrender to God's will, even in the face of uncertainty and potential suffering. It illustrates an attitude of humility, obedience, and trust, which is crucial in navigating the reality of suffering and evil in the world.

Theodicy calls us to understand that God, in His infinite wisdom, can bring about greater goods even in the midst of suffering. Mary's "yes" to the divine plan ultimately brings about the Incarnation, redemption, and the possibility of eternal life. In a similar manner, our own suffering, when united to Christ's, can have redemptive value. Although the reasons behind individual suffering may remain mysterious, this passage reminds us that God can bring about purpose and meaning from the darkest of circumstances.

Mary's willingness to embrace suffering and uncertainty

Her acceptance of the angel's message entails potentially profound personal sacrifice, as she faces the prospect of societal condemnation and the immense sorrow of witnessing her Son's passion and death. Her example encourages us to trust in God's providence and to bear our own sufferings with faith and hope.

Mary's role as the Theotokos, the Mother of God

This epitomizes the transformative power of suffering. In her cooperation with God's will, Mary becomes a vessel through which God's redemptive plan is realized.

Likewise, our experiences of suffering can become transformative, leading us closer to God and cultivating virtues such as compassion, resilience, and empathy. Through our own sufferings, we can participate in God's plan of salvation for humanity.

[contentcards url=”https://www.catholicmom.com/articles/human-fears-and-marys-fiat”%5D

Now that’s trust in God. It is trust in His goodness and in His plan for Mary’s life. Yes, she was God’s most favored, but did that mean her life would be without suffering? Certainly not. Her emotional suffering was immense. Thus she even bears the title Our Lady of Sorrows.

SOURCE: Catholic Answers Magazine

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Catholic Culture

2ND READING COMMENTARY

The closing verses of Romans, specifically Romans 16:25-27 in the New American Bible (NAB), offer profound theological insights that have become deeply ingrained in Catholic culture.

Verse 25 begins with an acknowledgment of the mystery that lay hidden for ages but has been revealed in Jesus Christ.

This verse speaks to the Catholic belief in the incarnation, where God became flesh and dwelt among us. This divine revelation of God's plan for salvation is celebrated and held in high esteem within Catholic culture. The recognition that God's plan is revealed to humanity through Jesus Christ echoes throughout the Church's teachings and practices.

Verse 26a, emphasizes the universality of the Gospel message: "but now made manifest through the prophetic writings

Catholic culture values the study and interpretation of Scripture, just as Paul notes the prophetic writings.

The Church encourages Catholics to engage with the Word of God through personal reading, communal study, and homilies during Mass. This emphasis on Scripture contributes to the rich theological tradition and intellectual heritage within Catholic culture.

Verse 26b, emphasizes speaks of how God's eternal plan has been "announced to all nations to bring about the obedience of faith."

This notion of sharing the Gospel with all nations aligns with the Catholic Church's mission to spread the Good News to the ends of the earth.

Catholic culture has been marked by a global outlook, as the Church has sent missionaries to every corner of the world to proclaim the message of Jesus Christ and bring people into the fold of the Catholic faith. The sacraments, particularly the Eucharist and Reconciliation, are central to Catholic cultural practices, as they enable believers to participate in the grace and redemption that Christ's sacrifice offers.

Verse 27 concludes with a doxology that praises God: "To the only wise God, through Jesus Christ be glory forever and ever. Amen."

This doxology highlights the centrality of God's wisdom and the glory that is due to Him alone.

It is a reflection of the Catholic culture's reverence and adoration for God in its liturgies, prayers, and hymns. Catholic worship places a great emphasis on offering praise and glory to God, acknowledging His wisdom and majesty.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

By examining specific verses from Luke 1:26-38 (NAB) and exploring the most famous paintings and artwork associated with them, we can understand how these artists sought to capture the deeply profound and sacred nature of this divine event.

Verse 26 begins by introducing the angel Gabriel, who was sent by God to a town in Galilee named Nazareth.

One of the most iconic depictions of this encounter is found in the painting "The Annunciation" by Fra Angelico. Created during the early Renaissance period, Fra Angelico's masterpiece portrays the angel Gabriel appearing before the Virgin Mary in a humble room.

The use of vibrant colors and delicate brushwork signifies the divine presence in this ordinary setting. Mary's reaction, full of grace and humility, demonstrates her total surrender to God's will.

Moving to verse 28, we encounter the angel's greeting to Mary: "Hail, favored one! The Lord is with you."

These words of praise have resonated deeply with artists like Sandro Botticelli, whose painting "The Cestello Annunciation" encapsulates the reverence and awe felt in that moment.

Botticelli creates a tender and serene atmosphere by capturing Mary's initial surprise and the angel's gentle presence. The painting exudes a sense of celestial beauty, aligning the viewer with Mary's blessedness and inviting contemplation.

Verse 31 brings the pivotal message of the angel's announcement: "Behold, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall name him Jesus."

This divine announcement has been depicted in numerous artworks, including Leonardo da Vinci's famous piece, "The Annunciation."

In this painting, da Vinci captures the moment of revelation, portraying Mary at the instant she receives the good news. Through his masterful use of light and shadow, da Vinci emphasizes the spiritual significance of the event, enveloping Mary in a soft glow that highlights her faith-filled response.

Verse 34 reveals Mary's perplexity as she asks the angel, "How can this be, since I have no relations with a man?"

In Rogier van der Weyden's painting, "The Annunciation," this moment of puzzlement is artistically conveyed through Mary's facial expression and body language. Van der Weyden's work brilliantly captures the emotion in Mary's questioning gaze, communicating her genuine humility and willingness to understand God's plan.

Finally, verse 38 concludes this profound encounter as Mary humbly accepts God's will, proclaiming, "Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord. May it be done to me according to your word."

This moment of full surrender is vividly portrayed by the Spanish artist Bartolomé Esteban Murillo in his painting, "The Annunciation."

Murillo's graceful depiction showcases Mary's serene acceptance, emphasizing her role as the chosen vessel for Christ's incarnation.

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Journey through Advent – Fourth Sunday of Advent 2023

“Mary said, ‘Here am I, the servant of the Lord; let it be with me according to your word.’” — Luke 1:38a The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops presents Journey through Advent with the Most Rev. Bishop Jon Hansen, CSsR, Bishop of Mackenzie-Fort Smith. Join us as we reflect on the Scriptures for the Sundays of Advent 2023.

SOURCE: CCCB_CECC

Climate & Environment

2ND READING COMMENTARY

The closing verses of Romans, Romans 16:25-27 in the New American Bible (NAB), contain profound theological truths that can be related to our modern understanding of climate and the environment. These verses take on new significance when examined in light of the intersection between faith, science, and our responsibility to care for the Earth.

Verse 25 begins by acknowledging a mystery that was hidden for ages, but has now been made manifest.

This recognition of previously hidden truths can be seen as analogous to the revelation brought about by scientific discoveries in relation to climate change and environmental degradation.

Through scientific research and observation, we have gained a deeper understanding of the Earth's ecosystems and their vulnerability to human activity. This newfound insight has revealed the urgent need for us to protect and safeguard our planet.

The subsequent verse, 26, speaks of the Gospel being announced to all nations to bring about the obedience of faith.

In a similar vein, the scientific knowledge regarding climate change must also be shared with the whole world.

The global nature of the environmental crisis necessitates collective action, irrespective of borders or differences. Just as the early Christians spread the message of the Gospel to all corners of the Earth, the call to protect the environment requires a unified effort involving individuals, communities, and nations working together.

Verse 27 concludes with a doxology that acknowledges God's wisdom and glory.

In relation to the climate and environment, we can understand this doxology as an invitation to recognize the inherent beauty and interconnectedness of God's creation.

The intricate balance and complexity found in nature reflect the wisdom and glory of the Creator. This calls us to approach environmental issues not only from a scientific perspective but also from a spiritual and ethical standpoint.

Pope Francis' 2015 encyclical, Laudato Si'

The growing scientific awareness of climate change has brought environmental issues to the forefront of many religious communities, including the Catholic Church. Pope Francis' 2015 encyclical, Laudato Si', is a testament to the Church's recognition of the urgent need for ecological conversion.

In this encyclical, Pope Francis incorporates scientific findings while also emphasizing the moral and spiritual dimensions of our responsibility to care for the Earth. He calls on individuals and societies to promote an integral ecology that considers the well-being of both people and nature. Through this, the encyclical echoes the sentiment expressed in Romans 16:25-27 by emphasizing the need to address the challenges we face within the context of faith and collective responsibility.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

Luke 1:26-38 narrates the angel Gabriel's visit to Mary to announce her divine calling and the conception of Jesus. While the primary focus of this passage revolves around the theological significance of Jesus' birth, there are several indirect implications that can be related to the issue of climate and the environment. It is through a wider lens of interpretation that we can draw parallels and extract valuable implications regarding our role as stewards of creation.

In verse 26, the angel Gabriel is sent from God to a particular town called Nazareth.

This detail highlights the significance of specific geographic locations and the interactions that take place within them.

Just as Nazareth holds significance in biblical history, our own towns and regions hold unique importance in the context of the environment. Each place has its ecosystems, landscapes, and natural resources which contribute to the overall health and balance of the planet.

Mary's response to Gabriel's greeting in verse 29

She was greatly troubled and pondered what sort of greeting this might be. This hesitation and reflection can be seen as an invitation for us to consider the way we approach environmental issues.

Mary's contemplation brings to light the importance of reflection and thoughtfulness when facing environmental challenges. It reminds us to take the time to understand the gravity of these issues and seek out sustainable solutions that consider the well-being of the planet and future generations.

Verse 30 holds a message of hope, telling Mary not to be afraid because she has found favor with God.

This can be understood as a message to the world as well. In the face of daunting environmental problems, we must not succumb to fear and despair. The assurance of finding favor with God can be seen as an encouragement to take responsibility for the stewardship of our planet, knowing that we are supported by divine grace.

In verse 31, the angel informs Mary that she will conceive in her womb and bear a son named Jesus.

The announcement of Jesus' birth carries profound implications for the world's salvation. From an environmental perspective, we can see this as a call to nurture and protect the natural world, recognizing the interconnectedness of all living things. Just as Mary was chosen to bear the Savior, we have been chosen to care for and preserve the Earth and all its creatures for future generations.

Verse 34 highlights Mary's questioning of how she could conceive a child without having relations with a man.

This questioning can be viewed as a call to critically examine and address the challenges we face in combating climate change and caring for the environment. Mary's inquiry reminds us that seeking knowledge and understanding is a crucial step in finding solutions. We must question our own practices, policies, and systems to better comprehend how they impact the natural world and identify necessary changes.

The angel's response in verse 35 emphasizes the power and presence of the Holy Spirit in the process of conception.

In the context of climate and the environment, we are reminded of the vital role of the divine in the preservation and restoration of the Earth. It is through the power of the Holy Spirit working in and through us that lasting environmental change can be achieved.

Mary's response in verse 38 exemplifies a spirit of total surrender and acceptance of God's will.

This attitude calls us to embrace a similar disposition towards the care of the planet. We are called to be humble stewards, acknowledging that our actions have consequences and striving to align ourselves with God's desire for a thriving and sustainable world.

In conclusion, while Luke 1:26-38 does not explicitly address climate and the environment, it offers valuable insights and lessons. Through careful interpretation, we can derive meaningful connections, reminding us of our responsibility to care for and protect God's creation. Through reflection, questioning, and surrender, we can find inspiration to address environmental challenges with wisdom, hope, and faith, knowing that we have found favor with God in this sacred task._

The Heartfelt Response of Mary

This season invites us to celebrate God coming among us to make a home with us, to encourage us to see ourselves as one human family, without regard to race, ethnicity, social status, or creed. The heartfelt response of Mary, the humble handmaid, inspires us to listen to God’s call: above the din of commerce, the empty promise of technology, and the blasting temptation from the media seeking to distort our values.

God is calling each of us personally, and all of us collectively, to be attentive to the state of our endangered environment. It is a gift that has been given to us in one another and in nature, to appreciate and care for our common home. We are invited to open our eyes and ears to see and hear what is happening to our planet and to ourselves. Doing so may allow better witness to our common destiny: one family enjoying one planet, and caring for it so others will also be able to enjoy God’s bounty, now and in the future.

Precisely when God is leading us to simplicity and authenticity, we are confronted with the idols of consumerism, “fast fashion,” and celebrity. We accept these worldly pleasures at the expense of the truly abundant life that Jesus lived, and which he so longs to share with us. The ways of the world are certainly not God’s ways, and we are sorely tempted to put ourselves in the place of the god we have created, rather than become authentic creatures of our creator God.

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SOURCE: Catholic Climate Covenant

Justice

2ND READING COMMENTARY

The closing verses of Romans, Romans 16:25-27 in the New American Bible (NAB), offer profound theological insights that invite us to reflect on building a world that reflects divine justice.

Verse 25 begins by acknowledging the mystery that was previously hidden but has now been revealed.

This recognition of revelation signifies that in a world ruled according to God's plan, justice would be rooted in transparency and truth. Nothing would remain concealed or obscured, and all actions would be held accountable to the light of truth.

Genuine justice requires the acknowledgment and illumination of hidden injustices, ensuring that everyone is treated fairly and equitably.

The subsequent verse, 26, highlights the universal proclamation of the Gospel to all nations.

In such a world, justice would transcend borders, ethnicities, and social divisions. All people, regardless of their background or circumstances, would be treated with dignity and respect. Discrimination, oppression, and prejudice would have no place in this just world. Instead, mutual understanding, cultural appreciation, and inclusivity would prevail, promoting harmony among diverse individuals and communities.

Verse 27 concludes with a doxology that proclaims glory and wisdom to God through Jesus Christ.

In such a world, justice would be guided by divine wisdom.

The pursuit of fairness and righteousness would be founded on God's perfect knowledge and understanding. Principles such as compassion, forgiveness, and reconciliation would govern human interactions, bringing healing and restoration to broken relationships and wounded hearts.

The Catholic Church's social teaching

This teaching encompassing values such as human dignity, the common good, and solidarity, echoes the call for justice. Through this teaching, the Church invites its members to work for social justice in various areas of life, including politics, economics, and the environment. It envisions a society where people's rights are respected, inequality is addressed, and all individuals have access to the necessary conditions for personal and communal well-being.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

The annunciation of the birth of Jesus, as narrated in Luke 1:26-38 of the New American Bible (NAB) recount the encounter between the angel Gabriel and the Virgin Mary. They highlight the inherent justice in God's plan for humankind and offer a framework for understanding and pursuing justice in the context of Catholic social teaching.

In verses 26-28 Gabriel is sent by God to a town in Galilee named Nazareth, and greets Mary, "Hail, favored one! The Lord is with you,"

This act of divine intervention suggests the importance of justice in God's plan. Catholic social teaching recognizes and emphasizes the fundamental dignity of every human person, regardless of their circumstance or social standing. In a just society, individuals are not overlooked or forgotten, but rather seen as valuable members deserving of respect and equality.

This greeting reminds us that we are all recipients of God's love and grace, and therefore, we are called to extend that same grace and mercy to others.

Verse 31 reveals the core message of the angel's announcement: the promise of bearing a son who will be named Jesus.

The birth of Jesus signifies God's love for humanity and His desire for justice to prevail.

Mary's response in verse 38, "Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord. May it be done to me according to your word"

Mary's humility, obedience, and willingness to accept her role in God's plan exemplify the virtue of solidarity.

Solidarity urges us to stand in unity with others, particularly with those suffering injustice, and to work towards creating a more just and compassionate society.

The Promise of a Throne that will Last Forever

The focus of today’s liturgy is the Davidic covenant, the promise of a throne that will last forever…

We are very close now to the coming of Christ. What would the world be like if we were to allow Christ to really come as king? What would a world ruled by Jesus Christ be like? Would we have the poverty and homelessness that we have now? Would we have the death penalty? Would there be abortion and child abuse and negligence of the elderly? Would Jesus Christ allow the people of his kingdom to kill each other in wars?

If only we could join in consenting to God’s rule as Mary did: “Let it be done to me as you say.” Who knows what joy the world would know!

The Church … receives the mission to proclaim and to establish among all peoples the kingdom of Christ and of God. She becomes on earth the initial budding forth of that kingdom. While she slowly grows, the Church strains toward the consummation of the kingdom and, with all her strength, hopes and desires to be united in glory with her King.

Vatican II, Constitution on the Church, 1964:5.

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SOURCE: Gerald Daring, The Sunday Website at Saint Louis University

Pro-Life

2ND READING COMMENTARY

The Unveiling of a Divine Plan

In Romans 16:25, the apostle Paul speaks about the "mystery" that was hidden for ages and generations, but was eventually revealed through Jesus Christ.

This unveiling of truth implies that there is a divine plan, a sacred purpose behind every life created. By invoking this verse, the pro-life movement implies that the sanctity of life, from conception to natural death, should be given utmost reverence and protection. Abortion denies the opportunity for this mysterious plan to unfold, thus contradicting the revealed truth in Romans.

The Power of the Gospel

Verse 25 further emphasizes that the mystery is disclosed through the prophetic writings, including the Gospel.

The pro-life movement believes that the Gospel teachings illuminate the intrinsic value of every human being. It reminds individuals of their calling to love and protect others, including the unborn. Advocates for life argue that abortion undermines the transformative power of the Gospel, as it disregards the vulnerable and defenseless lives in need of compassion and support.

Elevating Human Dignity

Romans 16:26 encourages believers to uphold the divine truth that all human beings possess inherent worth.

Every individual, regardless of their stage of development, is called to serve a purpose in God's divine plan. This verse underpins the pro-life conviction that abortion fails to acknowledge the inherent dignity and inviolable right to life of the unborn. It compels proponents to vigorously defend and nurture the vulnerable lives that are at risk of being discarded.

Praising God for Redemption

As Paul concludes his epistle to the Romans in verse 27, he extols God's glory and wisdom concerning the gospel message and the revelation of His purposes.

By recognizing that life is a precious gift from God, the pro-life movement seeks to foster a culture that reveres the Creator's divine wisdom. Countering abortion, advocates emphasize gratitude and honor for the opportunity to experience and contribute to God's purposes, rather than rejecting or terminating life.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

Luke 1:26-38 narrates the iconic Annunciation scene, in which the Virgin Mary eagerly accepts the profound calling to be the mother of Jesus. This passage holds significant implications for the pro-life movement, as it underscores the importance of mothers saying "yes" to the gift of life.

The Annunciation: A Model of Consequential "Yes"

In Luke 1:26-28, the angel Gabriel was sent to Mary by God to deliver the divine news. The angel greeted her, saying, "Hail, full of grace! The Lord is with you." This salutation illustrates Mary's unique position as a woman who found favor with God, chosen to bring forth the Son of God.

By recognizing the significance of Mary's "yes" and her willingness to embrace her role as the mother of Jesus, the pro-life movement emphasizes the transformative power of such consent in the context of pregnancies.

Mary's Faith and Surrender to God's Will

Verse 38 reveals Mary's response to Gabriel: "Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord. May it be done to me according to your word." Mary's unwavering faith and submission to God's will exemplify the pro-life mindset of embracing the journey of pregnancy and motherhood with courage and trust.

Mothers who choose to carry their babies to full term embrace a similar disposition, recognizing their responsibility and accepting the sacredness of the life entrusted to them.

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Human Nature is Forever United with Divine Life

The readings of today, and the closeness of Christmas, thrust us into reflections on the Incarnation. Christmas is not only the Feast of Christ’s birth, but the celebration of the entire mystery of God taking on a human nature – beginning with the event narrated in today’s Gospel, whereby Christ was conceived within Mary’s body. God redeems us by joining every aspect of our lives to his. God even becomes an unborn child.

Human life was already sacred because it always was and is God’s creation, made freely from his love. But in the Incarnation it takes on an even deeper meaning and sanctity, because human nature is forever united with Divine Life. This affects all who share human nature, even the children still in the womb. That is why Evangelium Vitae can make the following two assertions:  

“Life, especially human life, belongs only to God: for this reason whoever attacks human life, in some way attacks God himself” (EV n. 9).

“By his Incarnation the Son of God has united himself in some fashion with every person. It is precisely in the “flesh” of every person that Christ continues to reveal himself and to enter into fellowship with us, so that rejection of human life, in whatever form that rejection takes, is really a rejection of Christ” (EV n. 104). 

The fact that Mary was not expecting to carry a child, and was troubled at the greeting, also leads us to reflect on the Providence of God. No unexpected pregnancy has ever affected history so profoundly, and no woman besides Mary is a better example to those who feel they cannot handle a pregnancy.

SOURCE: Priests for Life

Stewardship

2ND READING COMMENTARY

The Revelation of Divine Truth

Romans 16:25a highlights the significance of the "revelation of the mystery" that was once hidden but is now unveiled.

Stewardship of divine truth entails recognizing our role in sharing and preserving God's revealed wisdom. As stewards, we are entrusted with the task of embracing, safeguarding, and passing on the divine truths contained in Scripture. This responsibility calls us to diligently study, understand, and uphold these truths, ensuring they are faithfully transmitted to future generations.

Proclaiming the Gospel

Verse 25b affirms that this revelation of divine truth lies within the proclamation of the Gospel. Stewardship involves actively sharing the Good News with others.

Just as a servant stewards his master's message, we are called to faithfully proclaim the Gospel, ensuring its message of salvation, grace, and reconciliation is shared effectively and accurately. By utilizing our time, talents, and resources, we fulfill our stewardship responsibility to transmit the divine truth of the Gospel to a world in need.

Strengthening Believers

Romans 16:25c indicates that divine truth is aimed at "bringing about the obedience of faith."

Stewardship encompasses nurturing and strengthening the faith of believers, enabling them to obediently live out their faith in accordance with God's truth. This involves providing opportunities for spiritual growth, discipleship, and the equipping of believers. By investing our time, resources, and talents in this manner, we faithfully steward the divine truth to enable others to grow in their obedience and devotion to God.

Giving Glory to God

As Paul concludes the passage in verse 27, he highlights that all of these aspects of stewardship reveal the glory of God.

Stewardship is ultimately centered on recognizing that all that we have been entrusted with is from God and for His glory. By faithfully stewarding the divine truth, we bring honor and glory to God, actively participating in His eternal plans and proclaiming His goodness to the world.

[contentcards url=”https://www.catholicsteward.com/2020/12/18/stewardship-reflection-on-lectionary-readings-december-20-2020/”%5D

SOURCE: CatholicSteward.com

LIFE APPLICATION

Addiction & Recovery | Marriage & Family | Teens | Vocations | Theology of Work

Addiction & RecoveryMarriage & FamilyTeensVocationsWork

Addiction & Recovery

2ND READING COMMENTARY

Verse by Verse Commentary: Romans 16:25-27 and its Relation to Addiction and Recovery (NAB)

Verse 25: "Now to him who can strengthen you, according to my gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery kept secret for long ages"

In the context of addiction and recovery, verse 25 reminds us that it is only through the power and strength of God that true transformation and liberation from addiction can occur.

God's strength is available to those struggling with addiction, enabling them to overcome their struggles and find true freedom. The proclamation of Jesus Christ and His redemptive work serves as the foundation of hope for individuals battling addiction, illustrating that recovery is possible through the power of the Gospel.

Verse 26: "But now manifested through the prophetic writings and, according to the command of the eternal God, announced to all nations to bring about the obedience of faith"

The message of recovery from addiction is not limited to a select few, but it is intended for all.

Just as the Gospel is to be proclaimed to the ends of the earth, the hope of recovery and redemption is available to all who seek it. The command of the eternal God is to bring about the obedience of faith, offering individuals in their struggles with addiction the opportunity to find hope, healing, and restoration.

Verse 27: "To the only wise God, through Jesus Christ be glory forever and ever. Amen."

Recovery from addiction is not solely about the individual's efforts or the support they receive but ultimately about the transformative work of God. This verse highlights the wisdom of God, who understands the complexities of addiction and offers a path to recovery.

It is through Jesus Christ that this transformative work occurs, bringing glory to God forever. Recovery becomes an opportunity to testify to the power and wisdom of God and to demonstrate His redemptive work in the lives of individuals.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

Verse by Verse Commentary: Luke 1:26-38 and its Relation to Addiction and Recovery (NAB)

Verse 26: "In the sixth month, the angel Gabriel was sent from God to a town of Galilee named Nazareth"

In the context of addiction and recovery, verse 26 reminds us that God's divine intervention can occur at unexpected times and in unexpected ways.

Just as the angel Gabriel was sent by God to Mary, individuals battling addiction can experience divine encounters that bring forth hope, transformation, and the potential for recovery. This verse underscores that God can work in the most unlikely situations and bring about redemption and healing.

Verse 27: "to a virgin betrothed to a man named Joseph, of the house of David, and the virgin's name was Mary."

Mary's betrothal to Joseph and her lineage from the house of David emphasize her innocence and purity.

In the context of addiction and recovery, this highlights the possibility of a fresh start and a new identity in Christ for individuals struggling with addiction. Just as Mary's encounter with the angel transformed her life, those in recovery have the opportunity for a new beginning, freed from the shackles of addiction and embracing a restored identity in Christ.

Verse 28: "And coming to her, he said, 'Hail, favored one! The Lord is with you.'"

The angel's greeting of Mary as the favored one echoes the redemptive message of God's grace and favor upon individuals in recovery.

Individuals battling addiction may feel undeserving or unworthy, but this verse reminds them that God's favor and presence are extended to them in their journey of recovery. It is an affirmation that God is with them, providing them with strength, support, and guidance as they navigate the challenges of their addiction and pursue a path of healing.

Verse 29: "But she was greatly troubled at what was said and pondered what sort of greeting this might be."

Mary's initial response of being troubled and perplexed speaks to the common emotions individuals in recovery may experience.

The journey of recovery can be daunting, and doubts may arise. This verse acknowledges the internal struggle one may face when confronted with the prospect of change and the challenges that lie ahead. However, it also highlights the importance of contemplation and reflection, as it can pave the way for understanding, acceptance, and ultimately, transformation.

Verse 38: "Mary said, 'Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord. May it be done to me according to your word.'"

Mary's ultimate response to the divine message demonstrates surrender, obedience, and trust in God's plan.

In the context of addiction and recovery, this verse encourages individuals to surrender their struggles and their will to God.

Wait Patiently for Your Dream of Recovery

2 Samuel 7:9-16 God may have refused David’s request to build the temple, but as we see here, God had an even better plan (Proverbs 3:4-6). God’s plan involved establishing the Davidic covenant, which included the promise of an eternal kingdom with a descendant upon its throne forever. David was called upon to delay his desire to build a temple and to exercise patience and faith.

There may be times when we have to wait patiently for our dream of recovery to become reality. But God has a special plan for each of us, and when it unfolds, we can be sure it will be better than what we had hoped for.

SOURCE: The Life Recovery Bible, Stephen Arterburn, David Stoop

Marriage & Family

2ND READING COMMENTARY

While this verse is not explicitly focused on marriage and family matters, we can apply the principles of strength, obedience, and honoring God's wisdom to our marital and familial relationships.

Verse 25: "Now to him who can strengthen you, according to my gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery kept secret for long ages"

This verse reminds us that it is God who has the power to strengthen us.

In the context of marriage and family, we often face challenges and difficulties that can drain our strength. However, we can find comfort and hope knowing that God has the ability to strengthen us, both individually and as a family unit. His gospel and the revelation of His mystery provide guidance and support in navigating the complexities of married life and family dynamics.

Verse 26: "but now manifested through the prophetic writings and, according to the command of the eternal God, made known to all nations to bring about the obedience of faith"

Here we see that God's plan has been revealed through the prophetic writings. God's message is not limited to a specific people or culture but is intended to be made known to all nations.

In the context of marriage and family, this verse emphasizes the importance of embracing and adhering to God's teachings and commandments. It is through obedience to His word that families can find harmony, love, and faithfulness.

Verse 27: "to the only wise God, through Jesus Christ be glory forever and ever. Amen."

This final verse highlights the glory and wisdom of God, expressed through Jesus Christ.

In marriage and family life, it is crucial to recognize that our ultimate source of wisdom and guidance comes from God alone. His glory should be honored and glorified in our families, as we seek to follow His example and teachings. By acknowledging God's wisdom, we can cultivate a loving and harmonious family rooted in His grace and truth.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

Verse 26: "In the sixth month, the angel Gabriel was sent from God to a town of Galilee called Nazareth"

This verse sets the context for the encounter between the angel Gabriel and Mary. It is important to note that Gabriel was sent by God to Nazareth, a small town in Galilee.

Similarly, in marriage and family life, we can understand that God sends His messengers to us, whether it be through scripture, wise counsel, or the example of others, to guide and instruct us in our journey.

Verse 27: "to a virgin betrothed to a man named Joseph, of the house of David, and the virgin's name was Mary."

Here we learn that Mary was betrothed to Joseph, a descendant of the house of David. In marriage, the betrothal period serves as a preparation time before the actual wedding. It is a time of anticipation and commitment.

Similarly, in our own families, the period leading up to marriage can be seen as a time of preparation and commitment, where couples grow together in love and faithfulness.

Verse 28: "And coming to her, he said, 'Hail, favored one! The Lord is with you.'"

The angel Gabriel greets Mary with the words "Hail, favored one! The Lord is with you." This indicates that Mary had found favor with God and was chosen for a special purpose.

In marriage and family life, every member is called to find favor with God through their words, actions, and devotion to Him. The presence of the Lord is with them, guiding and blessing their relationships.

Verse 29: "But she was greatly troubled at what was said and pondered what sort of greeting this might be."

Mary's initial response was one of confusion and concern. She was troubled by Gabriel's greeting and wondered about its significance.

In the context of marriage and family life, it is natural to encounter moments of confusion or uncertainty. However, like Mary, we should take these concerns to God, pondering His will and seeking His guidance in our relationships.

Verse 30: "Then the angel said to her, 'Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.'"

In response to Mary's anxiety, the angel reassures her not to fear, emphasizing once again that she has found favor with God.

Likewise, in the challenges of marriage and family life, we can find comfort in knowing that God's favor is upon us. Even in difficult circumstances, God is with us, guiding and strengthening us.

Verse 31-33: "'Behold, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall name him Jesus. He will be great and will be called Son of the Most High, and the Lord God will give him the throne of David his father, and he will rule over the house of Jacob forever, and of his Kingdom there will be no end.'"

In these verses, Gabriel reveals to Mary the extraordinary plan for her life. She will conceive and bear a son named Jesus, who will be the Son of the Most High, the one who fulfills the promise to David and establishes an everlasting kingdom.

In the context of marriage and family life, we can understand that our own families bear the potential to bring forth greatness and participate in God's eternal plan. Our children, nurtured in faith and love, can become bearers of God's grace to the world.

Verse 34: "But Mary said to the angel, 'How can this be, since I have no relations with a man?'"

Mary, being a virgin, questions how she could conceive a child. This expression of honest confusion shows Mary's humanity and her desire to understand how God's plan will unfold.

Similarly, in marriage and family life, there may be moments when we question how certain challenges or blessings can come to fruition. It is important to bring our honest questions and concerns to God, trusting in His wisdom and providence.

Verse 35: "And the angel said to her in reply, 'The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. Therefore, the child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God.'"

In response to Mary's question, the angel explains that the conception will be the work of the Holy Spirit. Through this miraculous event, the child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God.

In the context of marriage and family life, the presence of God's Spirit is essential. It is through God's grace and power that our relationships are sanctified, enabling us to bring forth children in a holy and loving environment.

Verse 36-38: "And behold, Elizabeth, your relative, has also conceived a son in her old age, and this is the sixth month for her who was called barren; for nothing will be impossible for God.' Mary said, 'Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord. May it be done to me according to your word.' Then the angel departed from her."

The angel informs Mary about Elizabeth, her relative, who has also conceived miraculously. This serves as further confirmation of God's power and faithfulness. Mary's response is one of humble obedience and surrender to God's will. She embraces her role as the handmaid of the Lord.

In marriage and family life, it is crucial to emulate Mary's response, submitting ourselves to God's plan and purpose for our families. Through obedience and surrender, our marriages and families become vehicles for God's grace, transforming our lives and the lives of others.

[contentcards url=”https://www.catholicmom.com/daily-gospel/daily-gospel-reflection-for-december-20-2020-4th-sunday-of-advent”%5D

Today, on this fourth Sunday of Advent, we enjoy hearing the familiar story of the Annunciation, when God sends the angel Gabriel to ask Mary to be the Mother of God. Recently, on retreat, I had the opportunity to meditate more deeply on this narrative. The retreat facilitator asked us to enter the story and visualize where God places us.

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SOURCE: Calling Couples to Christ RELATED: Catholic Mom; For Your Marriage; Fierce Marriage; Focus on the Family;

Teens

2ND READING COMMENTARY

Verse 25: "Now to him who can strengthen you, according to my gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery kept secret for long ages"

This verse assures teenagers that God has the power to strengthen them.

As they navigate through the challenges and uncertainties of adolescence, they can find solace in the fact that God is able to provide them with the strength they need. His gospel and the revelation of His mystery found in Christ can guide teenagers in making wise choices and finding their identity and purpose in God.

Verse 26: "but now manifested through the prophetic writings and, according to the command of the eternal God, made known to all nations to bring about the obedience of faith"

This verse emphasizes that the message of God is not only for a specific group of people but is intended to be made known to all.

Similarly, teenagers should understand that God's truth and teachings are meant for them. They are called to live with obedience to His commandments and put their faith in action. The prophetic writings found in the scriptures can serve as a guide for teenagers in making choices that align with God's will.

Verse 27: "to the only wise God, through Jesus Christ be glory forever and ever. Amen."

In this closing verse, we acknowledge the wisdom and glory of God, expressed through Jesus Christ. Teenagers, in their pursuit of true wisdom, should turn to God as the ultimate source.

By seeking Him in prayer, scripture, and seeking guidance from mature believers, teenagers can discern His will and honor Him with their lives. As they live in accordance with His wisdom, their actions will bring glory to God.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

Verse 26: "In the sixth month, the angel Gabriel was sent from God to a town of Galilee called Nazareth"

Teenagers can relate to Mary in this verse, as they too experience unexpected encounters and divine appointments in their lives. Just as Gabriel was sent to Mary, God also desires to speak to and work in the lives of teenagers. They should be open and receptive to the leading and guidance of God, even in the midst of their everyday routines.

Verse 27: "to a virgin betrothed to a man named Joseph, of the house of David, and the virgin's name was Mary."

Mary's betrothal to Joseph and her virginity highlight her unique circumstances.

Similarly, teenagers may find themselves in situations that set them apart from their peers. Whether it be their values, beliefs, or choices, they should strive to maintain their identity and integrity in the midst of societal pressures. Mary's example encourages teenagers to stay committed to their values and to wait for God's perfect timing in various aspects of their lives.

Verse 28: "And he came to her and said, 'Hail, favored one! The Lord is with you.'"

The angel greeted Mary with favor and reassured her of God's presence

Teenagers can also find comfort in knowing that they, too, are favored by God and never alone. God's favor rests upon teenagers, and His presence is with them through every step of their journey. They can draw strength, courage, and confidence from this truth in their daily lives.

Verse 29: "But she was greatly troubled at what was said and pondered what sort of greeting this might be."

Like Mary, teenagers may initially feel troubled or confused when faced with unexpected or challenging situations. They may question the purpose or significance of what is happening in their lives. It is important for them to take these concerns to God, seeking His guidance and wisdom. They can trust that He will provide clarity and understanding when they seek His face.

Verse 30: "Then the angel said to her, 'Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.'"

The angel comforted Mary with these words

Teenagers should also be encouraged and assured that they need not fear. God's favor is upon them, and His plans for their lives are good. This knowledge should give them confidence and alleviate any fears or anxieties they may face, enabling them to step boldly into the purpose and plans God has for them.

Verse 31-33: "'And behold, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall name him Jesus. He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High, and the Lord God will give to him the throne of his ancestor David. He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of his kingdom, there will be no end.'"

While teenagers may not be called to give birth to the Son of God like Mary, they are called to be vessels of God's love and light in the world. They can impact their families, friends, and communities for the kingdom of God. Just as Jesus' birth ushered in a kingdom that will have no end, their acts of kindness, love, and obedience to God can have a lasting impact on those around them.

Verse 34: "Mary said to the angel, 'How can this be, since I have no relations with a man?'"

Mary's honest question demonstrates her human nature and questioning of the seeming impossibility of God's plan.

Similarly, teenagers may have their doubts and questions about God's will and plans for their lives. It is essential for them to bring their honest concerns and inquiries to God, knowing that He understands and wants to reassure and guide them.

Verse 35: "And the angel said to her in reply, 'The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. Therefore, the child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God.'"

The angel's explanation reveals that it is through the power of the Holy Spirit that the impossible becomes possible.

Teenagers can draw inspiration from this truth, knowing that God's Spirit empowers them to accomplish extraordinary things for His kingdom. Through the Holy Spirit's guidance and presence, teenagers can live in holiness and be vessels of God's love and grace in the world.

Verse 36-38: "And behold, Elizabeth, your relative, has also conceived a son in her old age, and this is the sixth month for her who was called barren; for nothing will be impossible for God.' Mary said, 'Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord. May it be done to me according to your word.' Then the angel departed from her."

The angel's mention of Elizabeth's miraculous conception assures Mary that nothing is impossible for God.

Likewise, teenagers can take heart in the knowledge that God can do the extraordinary in their lives as well. Just as Mary submitted herself to God's will, teenagers should also have a posture of surrender, saying, "May it be done to me according to your word." This act of surrender positions them for the fulfillment of God's plans and purposes in their lives.

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We often think of Mary as a mature woman, especially when you read her “Magnificat” or “Song of Praise” in Luke 2:46-55.  However, Jewish traditions at the time of Jesus’ birth point to the fact that Mary was probably about 14 years old when she was told by the angel Gabriel that she would give birth to the Savior of the world.

Vocations

2ND READING COMMENTARY

Verse 25: "Now to him who can strengthen you, according to my gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery kept secret for long ages"

This verse reminds us of the important role priests play in strengthening the faith of the faithful. They are entrusted with the proclamation of the Gospel, just as St. Paul was, and have the power to bring the message of Jesus Christ to the people they serve. It is through their spiritual guidance, teaching, and sacramental ministry that they can help strengthen and nourish the spiritual lives of the community.

Verse 26: "but now manifested through the prophetic writings and, according to the command of the eternal God, made known to all nations to bring about the obedience of faith"

Priests are called to make known and manifest the truth of the Gospel to all groups in their parish: adults, children, teens, the elderly, those who come to Mass and those who do not, echoing the command of the eternal God. They are tasked with sharing the prophetic writings and teachings of the Church, helping people understand and embrace the faith. By their example and guidance, they are instrumental in bringing about the obedience of faith in the hearts of the faithful.

Verse 27: "to the only wise God, through Jesus Christ be glory forever and ever. Amen."

This final verse reminds priests that their ultimate goal and purpose is to lead people to give glory and honor to God through Jesus Christ. As they carry out their sacred duties, they should always strive to direct the attention and praise of the people towards God, recognizing that it is God alone who is truly wise. May priests faithfully serve the Church, reflecting God's glory and leading others in the way of faith and holiness.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

Verse 26: "In the sixth month, the angel Gabriel was sent from God to a town of Galilee called Nazareth"

This verse sets the stage for the encounter between the angel Gabriel and Mary.

In the context of the spirituality of priests, this verse reminds us that divine messages and encounters can occur in unexpected places and at unexpected times. God sends His messengers to communicate with individuals, even in the ordinary routines of life. Priests are called to be attentive and open to these divine encounters, knowing that God can reveal His will at any given moment.

Verse 27: "to a virgin betrothed to a man named Joseph, a descendant of David; and the virgin's name was Mary."

Mary's virginity and engagement to Joseph highlight her unique role in God's plan.

In relation to the spirituality of priests, this verse draws attention to the importance of consecration and commitment. Priests are called to live lives of celibacy, dedicating themselves fully to God's service. Like Mary, they are set apart for a special mission, called to be instruments of God's grace and presence in the world.

Verse 28: "And coming to her, he said, 'Hail, full of grace! The Lord is with you.'"

The angel Gabriel's greeting to Mary acknowledges her fullness of grace and the presence of the Lord within her.

In the spirituality of priests, this verse reminds them of the grace that has been poured out upon them through their ordination and calling. They are called to embody and carry the presence of the Lord within them. The greeting also invites priests to reflect on the importance of their own relationship with God, realizing that His presence is always with them in their ministry.

Verse 29: "But she was greatly troubled at what was said and pondered what sort of greeting this might be."

Mary's initial confusion and pondering at the angel's greeting shows her openness and attentiveness to God's calling.

Similarly, in the spirituality of priests, they may face moments of confusion or uncertainty about their calling, their ministry, or God's specific plan for them. It is essential for priests to cultivate a discerning and contemplative spirit, taking their concerns and questions to God, seeking His guidance and wisdom.

Verse 30: "Then the angel said to her, 'Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.'"

The angel Gabriel reassures Mary, telling her not to fear, as she has found favor with God.

In the spirituality of priests, this verse reminds them of the divine favor and grace bestowed upon them. It reassures them that their calling and ministry are not dependent on their own abilities or strength, but on God's favor and empowering presence. Priests can find comfort and confidence in knowing that God's favor rests upon them as they faithfully serve Him.

Verse 31-33: "'And behold, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall name Him Jesus. He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High; and the Lord God will give Him the throne of His father David; and He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and His kingdom will have no end.'"

In these verses, the angel Gabriel unveils God's incredible plan for Mary - the conception and birth of Jesus, the Son of the Most High.

In the spirituality of priests, these verses point to the significance of their role in proclaiming and embodying the kingdom of God. Priests are called to preach and teach the gospel of Christ, leading people into a deep encounter with the Son of the Most High. They participate in the eternal kingdom of God, bringing His presence and reign_

The Necessity of Fidelity

Priests can become proud of résumés, and have a career path all charted out. Our Lady smiles and says that when you say fiat to the Lord you are surrendering your most prized commodity — your future and your security to plan your life. Get ready for surprises, some plums, some prunes, some Bethlehems, some lost-in-the-temple episodes. In other words, be prepared for uncertainty. Our Blessed Mother shows us the necessity of fidelity in both the joys and the sorrows of priestly discipleship. She was there at the happiest moment ever — the first Christmas. And she was there at the saddest event ever — the foot of the cross. Likewise will our priesthood have its Bethlehems and its Calvarys. Her lesson is that what is happening to us is not as significant as with whom it is happening, for what is of the essence is that, at both the crib and the cross, she is close to Jesus. That is fidelity.

Dolan, Timothy M., Cardinal. Priests for the Third Millennium (p. 331). Our Sunday Visitor. Kindle Edition.

SOURCE: Dolan, Timothy M., Cardinal. Priests for the Third Millennium (pp. 209). Our Sunday Visitor.

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Are you like Mary, listening to God’s words and putting yourself totally at his disposal? Do you ardently seek God’s will for your parish, for your ministry, for the work you do each day? Is your priesthood rooted in prayer, begging God to show you what you are to do each day, listening to his voice like Mary, who kept all things and pondered them in her heart? Or are you frantically running from one meeting to the next, from one event to the next — a fury of activity but not a ministry flowing from a deep interior life?

Work

2ND READING COMMENTARY

Verse 25: "Now to him who can strengthen you, according to my gospel and the proclamation of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery kept secret for long ages"

This verse reminds us that in our workplace, we should rely on God's strength and guidance to navigate challenging ethical situations. Just as St. Paul relied on God's Gospel and proclamation of Jesus Christ, we too should seek moral clarity and strength from our faith. The mystery referred to here can symbolize the complexity and uncertainties we sometimes encounter at work.

Verse 26: "but now manifested through the prophetic writings and, according to the command of the eternal God, made known to all nations to bring about the obedience of faith"

In our professional lives, it is crucial to adhere to the commandments and teachings of our faith. The prophetic writings and revelations guide us in understanding God's will and discerning right from wrong. Just as the Gospel is to be made known to all nations, our ethical behavior should be evident to all those we interact with in the workplace. We are called to bring about the obedience of faith through our actions, character, and integrity.

Verse 27: "to the only wise God, through Jesus Christ be glory forever and ever. Amen."

Ultimately, our workplace ethics should bring glory and honor to God alone. Our conduct should reflect the wisdom of God, who calls us to uphold honesty, fairness, and respect in our professional endeavors. By giving glory to God through our ethical choices, we bear witness to the transformative power of faith in the workplace. May we always strive to bring honor to God and foster a culture of integrity in all that we do.

GOSPEL COMMENTARY

Verse 26: "In the sixth month, the angel Gabriel was sent from God to a town of Galilee called Nazareth"

Just as the angel Gabriel was sent to deliver an unexpected message to Mary, sometimes we may be approached with unexpected and challenging projects at work. Like Mary, we may find ourselves in a situation that is unfamiliar or outside our comfort zone.

Verse 27: "to a virgin betrothed to a man named Joseph, of the house of David. The virgin's name was Mary."

Mary was engaged to Joseph and had plans for her future.

Similarly, we may already have our own workload and plans at our workplace. Accepting a difficult and unexpected project may require us to reconsider our existing commitments and adapt to new circumstances.

Verse 28: "And coming to her, he said, 'Hail, favored one! The Lord is with you.'"

When facing unexpected challenges at work, we can find comfort and encouragement in the knowledge that God is with us. Just as the angel Gabriel proclaimed God's favor upon Mary, we too can trust in God's presence and support as we navigate through difficult projects.

Verse 29: "But she was greatly troubled at what was said and pondered what sort of greeting this might be."

At first, Mary was troubled and unsure about the angel's message to her.

When presented with a difficult project at work, it is natural to feel uncertain or apprehensive about how to proceed. It is important to take the time to reflect, seeking clarity and understanding concerning the situation before us.

Verse 30: "Then the angel said to her, 'Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.'"

Just as the angel reassured Mary, we too should not be afraid when faced with challenging tasks.

We can trust that if such a project has come our way, it is because we have been deemed capable and have found favor with our superiors. Embracing this opportunity can lead to personal growth and advancement in our careers.

Verse 31-33: "Behold, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall name him Jesus. He will be great and will be called Son of the Most High, and the Lord God will give him the throne of David his father, and he will rule over the house of Jacob forever, and of his kingdom there will be no end."

Just as the angel Gabriel revealed to Mary the grand purpose of her unexpected task, we should recognize that difficult projects at work may hold significant potential and impact. They may provide us with opportunities to showcase our capabilities, contribute to the organization's success, and leave a lasting impact on both our careers and the workplace.

Verse 34: "But Mary said to the angel, 'How can this be, since I have no relations with a man?'"

When presented with unexpected projects, we may doubt our own abilities or qualifications, just as Mary initially questioned the angel's message. It is important to remember that even though we may feel inadequate, we can lean on our skills, experiences, and the support of our colleagues to rise to the occasion.

Verse 35-38: "And the angel said to her in reply, 'The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. Therefore, the child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God… For nothing will be impossible for God.' Mary said, 'Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord. May it be done to me according to your word.' Then the angel departed from her."

Finally, Mary humbly accepted God's plan for her and entrusted herself to His guidance, embracing the daunting task before her.

Likewise, in the face of challenging and unexpected projects at work, we should seek the guidance of the Holy Spirit, have faith in God's power to enable us, and willingly embrace the opportunity to grow and succeed. With humility and trust, we can confidently accept the project and rely on God's strength to help us through any challenges that arise.

Rearing Children as “Work”

We may not think of bearing and rearing children as “work” and wonder why an article on women in the workplace should begin with two pregnant women. But in both cases, these women were partnering in God’s work to invade a broken and sinful world and reverse the grip of evil on people’s lives. This partnership required real work. There would be physical work in bearing and rearing these special boys, to be sure. But Mary and Elizabeth embraced the prospect of this work joyfully. Mary captured the significance God intended for her work in her song that we call the Magnificat:

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SOURCE: Theology of Work Project

Commentary on this page was written by artificial intelligence before being reviewed, edited, adapted, and formatted by humans for accuracy. Use your own judgment before preaching. If you find any errors please contact us.  Excerpts from the Lectionary for Mass for Use in the Dioceses of the United States of America, second typical edition © 2001, 1998, 1997, 1986, 1970 Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Inc., Washington, DC. Used with permission.